Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The beige mouse is considered to be a homologue of Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). Cytochemical and electron microscopic studies have revealed an inherited lesion in the kidneys of these mice. The alteration was confined to the distal segments (S3) of the proximal tubules and was characterized by the accumulation of numerous massive polysaccharide-rich granules. These granules were reactive for acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities and were therefore considered to be lysosomes. Small numbers of lymphocytes were also observed in the perivascular spaces and within the tubules of the S3 segment. The fine structure of S3 cells was also markedly altered. In addition to the massive lysosomes, dense material was found associated with the brush border and was present in pinocytotic vesicles at the base of the brush border and between basal invaginations of the plasma membranes. Despite these changes, reabsorption of exogeneous peroxidase by S3 cells appeared to be normal. The presence of a congenital defect in the kidney of the beige mouse appears to provide a useful model for studying the morphology and function of the S3 region of the nephron.
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PMID:A hereditary alteration in kidneys of mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. 412 63

A technique for the isolation of intact brush borders from rabbit renal cortex was evaluated. The procedure was monitored by phase and electron microscopy and marker enzymes, i.e. ATP:NMN adenylyl transferase, nuclear; cytochrome oxidase, mitochondrial; beta-glucuronidase, lysosomal; and glucose-6-Pase, microsomal; and indicated an essentially pure preparation of brush borders. The disaccharidase, trehalase, previously reported in renal tubules, was localized uniquely in brush borders. Maltase was also found; the specific activities of the two enzymes in the brush borders were increased 10- to 20-fold. Other disaccharidases, such as sucrase, isomaltase, lactase, and cellobiase, were absent. It is suggested that trehalase and maltase are appropriate candidates for marker enzymes of the renal brush border. Isolated brush borders possessed a ouabain-sensitive (Na(+) + K(+)) ATPase, an oligomycin-insensitive Mg(++) ATPase, and a Ca(++)-activated ATPase. Alkaline phosphatases, dephosphorylating beta-glycero-P, and trehalose-6-P were also present. The specific activities of these enzymes were increased three-to-five fold in the brush-border preparations; however, activities were found in other subcellular fractions of the renal cortex. Hexokinase, although evident in the isolated brush border, was found prominently associated with other membranous fractions. Phosphoglucomutase and UDPG pyrophosphorylase were localized in the soluble fraction of the renal cortex.
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PMID:Isolation and biochemical characterization of brush borders from rabbit kidney. 425 Jun 12

Glycosidase activities in the adults and juveniles of the lung fluke Paragonimus ohirai and P. westermani adults were demonstrated histochemically. For comparative studies, histochemical examination was also made on the adults of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. The enzymes examined were N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), beta-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) and beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21). The distribution of beta-glucosaminidase was similar in juveniles and adults. Strong reaction sites for the enzyme were the caecal brush border, tegument, subtegumental cells and tests. In contrast, no staining reaction occurred in the caeca of F. hepatica, although the tegument and parenchymal cells were weakly stained. beta-glucuronidase activity was associated only with the luminal surface of the caeca in the juveniles. However, luminal contents also appeared stained and this might suggest that the activity in the caeca is not endogenous. beta-galactosidase was localized in the caeca, sub-tegmental cells and tegument in both juveniles and adults. No reaction occurred for the other two enzymes, alpha- and beta-glucosidase.
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PMID:Histochemical studies of glycosidase activity in juveniles and adults of the lung fluke Paragonimus. 622 Feb 58

In a survey the present possibilities are outlined to get knowledge about diseases of inner organs with the help of enzyme determinations in the urine. Here it is remarkable that changes of the enzyme excretion appear not only in renal disease with acute renal failure, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal infarction and nephroptosis but are also to be observed in primarily extrarenal diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, thesaurismoses, myocardial infarction, hypertension, acute pancreatitis, epidemic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice and rheumatoid arthritis. The causes of the changes of enzyme excretions are various. Since enzymes of different origin and localisation behave themselves variably, the simultaneous determination of a brush border marker (e.g. alanine aminopeptidase), a lysosomal enzyme (e.g. beta-glucuronidase or N-acetyl glucosaminidase) and a low molecular enzyme (e.g. lysozyme) is of use for the recognition of renal alterations. By the control of activities of urinary enzymes it is possible to get without risk informations about pathobiochemical processes in the kidney which are not to be gained by means of other methods.
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PMID:[Urinary enzyme excretion in diseases of the internal organs]. 636 87

Left kidneys of rats were made ischemic for 25 minutes and proximal tubule brush border alterations studied in the S1 and S2 segments. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that brush border microvilli became unstable, fused with one another, and were interiorized into proximal tubule cytoplasm soon after reflow of blood following ischemia. Rapid regeneration followed; scanning electron microscopy showed that regeneration occurred in a fashion whereby clusters of microvilli in flower-like configurations were extruded from the cell interior toward the surface. Such unique patterns of microvillus formation have not been reported before. Activity of the brush border enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and maltase, were not significantly depressed throughout the cycle of brush border loss and regeneration. Likewise, there were no alterations in the activity of beta-glucuronidase, a lysosomal enzyme. Alkaline phosphatase cytochemistry showed that microvillus membranes that were interiorized into the cell cytoplasm retained enzyme activity on their surfaces during the early period of brush border loss as well as during regeneration. These results strongly suggest that in reversibly injured proximal tubule cells regeneration of the brush border occurs primarily by a process of recycling of damaged, previously incorporated membrane. The nature of the initial membrane damage and the mechanism of recycling remain unknown.
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PMID:Mechanism of proximal tubule brush border loss and regeneration following mild renal ischemia. 730 Feb 48

The activities of lysosomal enzymes in the kidney of rats (100 and 30 days old) were studied following treatment with cisplatin and cisplatin with testosterone propionate for 2 alternate days. The decreased activity of renal beta-glucuronidase during cisplatin treatment reflected the decreased availability of testosterone, while activity was increased in the rats supplemented with testosterone. The decreased alkaline phosphatase activity in all the experimental groups may be due to the inhibition of cellular processes exerted by cisplatin acting directly on the brush border membrane of kidney.
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PMID:Testosterone propionate prevents cisplatin induced inhibition of renal beta-glucuronidase activity in rats. 906 82

The kidney is the major target of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and PTH influences the urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate and hydrogen ions. It was previously reported that the urinary, excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), a lysosomal enzyme, transiently increases after human PTH (hPTH) (1-34) infusion in normal subjects and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism patients, but not in pseudohypoparathyroidism type I patients. Here we report that intravenous infusion of hPTH(1-34) to rats transiently increased the urinary excretion of various lysosomal enzymes, such as beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase as well as NAG. However, it did not affect the urinary excretion of tubular brush border membrane enzymes, i.e. alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Human PTH(1-34) dose-dependently increased the urinary excretion of NAG in rats with a peak at 30 min, which returned to a baseline within 60 min. The increase in the urinary NAG excretion caused by hPTH(1-34) positively correlated with the increase in the urinary cAMP excretion (r = 0.844, p < 0.01), and infusion of dibutyryl cAMP at a dose of 20 mg/kg similarly increased the urinary excretion of NAG. These results suggested that the increase in the urinary excretion of lysosomal enzymes caused by hPTH(1-34) may be a functional response to hPTH(1-34) occurring in the renal tubules via PTH signaling pathway.
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PMID:Human parathyroid hormone (1-34) increases urinary excretion of lysosomal enzymes in rats. 1057 51

In an attempt to elucidate the biological function of villin-like actin-binding proteins in plants we have cloned several genes encoding Arabidopsis proteins with high homology to animal villin. We found that Arabidopsis contains at least four villin-like genes (AtVLNs) encoding four different VLN isoforms. Two AtVLN isoforms are more closely related to mammalian villin in their primary structure and are also antigenically related, whereas the other two contain significant changes in the C-terminal headpiece domain. RNA and promoter/beta-glucuronidase expression studies demonstrated that AtVLN genes are expressed in all organs, with elevated expression levels in certain types of cells. These results suggest that AtVLNs have less-specialized functions than mammalian villin, which is found only in the microvilli of brush border cells. Immunoblot experiments using a monoclonal antibody against pig villin showed that AtVLNs are widely distributed in a variety of plant tissues. Green fluorescent protein fused to full-length AtVLN and individual AtVLN headpiece domains can bind to both animal and plant actin filaments in vivo.
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PMID:Villin-like actin-binding proteins are expressed ubiquitously in Arabidopsis. 1063 Dec 47

Transformation of agricultural crops with novel genes has significantly advanced disease-resistance breeding, including virus resistance through the expression of virus sequences. In this study, the effects of long-term, repeated exposure to transgenic papayas carrying the coat protein gene of Papaya ringspot virus and conventional non-transgenic papaya on the histology and selected biochemical parameters of the intestinal tract were compared. For 3 months, male and female Wistar rats received diets containing transgenic or non-transgenic papaya at twice the equivalent of the average daily consumption of fresh papayas. Gross and macroscopic appearance of intestinal tissues, as well as stomach tissues, was comparable (P < 0.05) as were total intestinal bacterial counts and activities of beta-glucuronidase. Activities of disaccharidases were not affected, neither were those of amylase (P < 0.05). Although significant differences were noted in the activity of Ca(2+) and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase brush border enzymes, no morphological alteration in the integrity of the intestinal mucosa was found. Overall, negligible effects on feed intake, body weight, and fecal output were observed (P < 0.05). Taken together, long-term exposure to diets formulated with transgenic papaya did not result in biologically important unintended effects.
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PMID:Comparative effects of dietary administered transgenic and conventional papaya on selected intestinal parameters in rat models. 1969 Sep 73

Klotho has profound effects on phosphate metabolism, but the mechanisms of how Klotho affects phosphate homeostasis is unknown. We detected Klotho in the proximal tubule cell, brush border, and urinary lumen, where phosphate homeostasis resides. Increasing Klotho in the kidney and urine chronically by transgenic overexpression or acutely by intravenous infusion caused hypophosphatemia, phosphaturia from decreased proximal phosphate reabsorption, and decreased activity and protein of the principal renal phosphate transporter NaPi-2a. The phosphaturic effect was present in FGF23-null mice, indicating a direct action distinct from Klotho's known role as a coreceptor for FGF23. Direct inhibition of NaPi-2a by Klotho was confirmed in cultured cells and in cell-free membrane vesicles characterized by acute inhibition of transport activity followed by decreased cell surface protein. Transport inhibition can be mimicked by recombinant beta-glucuronidase and is associated with proteolytic degradation and reduced surface NaPi-2a. The inhibitory effect of Klotho on NaPi-2a was blocked by beta-glucuronidase inhibitor but not by protease inhibitor. Klotho is a novel phosphaturic substance that acts as an enzyme in the proximal tubule urinary lumen by modifying glycans, which cause decreased transporter activity, followed by proteolytic degradation and possibly internalization of NaPi-2a from the apical membrane.
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PMID:Klotho: a novel phosphaturic substance acting as an autocrine enzyme in the renal proximal tubule. 2046 74


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