Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adjuvant arthritis was induced in rats by the injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its severity was scored according to the macroscopic findings of the legs, tail, and ears. The average score so obtained was lower in SOD-injected rats than in the control group. The depression of albumin/globulin ratio was inhibited significantly in rats treated with 10.0 mg/kg of SOD. The levels of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were elevated after the administration of an adjuvant, and these lysosomal enzymes showed a remarkable increase in the control rats, while the elevation was inhibited in rats injected with 10.0 mg/kg of SOD. The levels of TBA-reactive substances in the sera and synovia were elevated at 2 weeks after the injection of adjuvant and decreased thereafter. In rats injected with 5.0 mg/kg or 10.0 mg/kg of SOD, the increase in both serum and synovial levels of TBA reactants was inhibited significantly. These observations suggest that the aggravation of adjuvant arthritis may be associated with lipid peroxidation due to superoxide, and that SOD may be beneficial for the treatment of arthritis.
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PMID:The increase of lipid peroxidation in rat adjuvant arthritis and its inhibition by superoxide dismutase. 401 32

Superoxide dismutases (SODs; superoxide: superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) play a key role in protection against oxygen radicals, and SOD gene expression is highly induced during environmental stress. To determine the conditions of SOD induction, the promoter of the cytosolic copper/zinc SOD (Cu/ZnSODcyt) gene was isolated in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and fused to the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. Oxidative stress is likely to alter the cellular redox in favor of the oxidized status. Surprisingly, the expression of the Cu/ZnSODcyt gene is induced by sulfhydryl antioxidants such as reduced glutathione, cysteine, and dithiothreitol, whereas the oxidized forms of glutathione and cysteine have no effect. It is therefore possible that reduced glutathione directly acts as an antioxidant and simultaneously activates the Cu/ZnSODcyt gene during oxidative stress.
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PMID:Redox-activated expression of the cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase gene in Nicotiana. 846 30

Our knowledge of superoxide dismutase (SODs) in tobacco has increased greatly during the past few years. Genes encoding the four identified SOD isoforms of tobacco have been isolated and characterized. Analysis of promoter-beta-glucuronidase fusions has provided information on the cellular expression of SODs in tobacco and has constituted the basis for studying SOD regulation. Constitutive overproduction of SOD has been shown to confer increased tolerance to stress and has started to reveal subtle biochemical differences between SOD isoforms. Thus, thanks to its convenience for molecular and physiological studies, tobacco has come forth in recent years as an excellent model system for studying the regulation and function of SOD in dicotyledonous plants.
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PMID:The regulation and function of tobacco superoxide dismutases. 921 90

We investigated pulmonary clearance of yttrium (Y) and acute lung injury following intratracheal instillation (i.t.) of yttrium chloride (YCl3) in saline- or YCl3-pretreated rats (30 days before the second challenge). About 67% of the initial dose of Y remained in the lung even 31 days after the i.t. treatment. The pretreatment with YCl3 significantly reduced i.t.-YCl3-induced increases in biochemical inflammatory indicators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), such as lactate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase, and alkaline phosphatase activities and protein concentration, while the pretreatment increased the number of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) in BALF. These results suggest that the augmentation of PMN infiltration does not play an important role, if any, in i.t. YCl3-induced increases in biochemical indicators in BALF. The reduction of the increases in those biochemical inflammatory indicators may be due, at least in part, to the increase of manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity in the lung tissue, because the lung Mn-SOD activity in the YCl3-pretreated group was two times higher than that of the saline-pretreated group.
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PMID:Effects of intratracheal pretreatment with yttrium chloride (YCl3) on inflammatory responses of the rat lung following intratracheal instillation of YCl3. 980 Oct 29

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in plants. The Arabidopsis genome encodes nine ACS polypeptides that form eight functional (ACS2, ACS4-9, and ACS11) homodimers and one nonfunctional (ACS1) homodimer. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines were constructed expressing the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter genes from the promoter of each of the gene family members to determine their patterns of expression during plant development. All genes, except ACS9, are expressed in 5-d-old etiolated or light-grown seedlings yielding distinct patterns of GUS staining. ACS9 expression is detected later in development. Unique and overlapping expression patterns were detected for all the family members in various organs of adult plants. ACS11 is uniquely expressed in the trichomes of sepals and ACS1 in the replum. Overlapping expression was observed in hypocotyl, roots, various parts of the flower (sepals, pedicle, style, etc.) and in the stigmatic and abscission zones of the silique. Exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) enhances the constitutive expression of ACS2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 11 in the root. Wounding of hypocotyl tissue inhibits the constitutive expression of ACS1 and ACS5 and induces the expression of ACS2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 11. Inducers of ethylene production such as cold, heat, anaerobiosis, and Li(+) ions enhance or suppress the expression of various members of the gene family in the root of light-grown seedlings. Examination of GUS expression in transverse sections of cotyledons reveals that all ACS genes, except ACS9, are expressed in the epidermis cell layer, guard cells, and vascular tissue. Similar analysis with root tip tissue treated with IAA reveals unique and overlapping expression patterns in the various cell types of the lateral root cap, cell division, and cell expansion zones. IAA inducibility is gene-specific and cell type-dependent across the root tip zone. This limited comparative exploration of ACS gene family expression reveals constitutive spatial and temporal expression patterns of all gene family members throughout the growth period examined. The unique and overlapping gene activity pattern detected reveals a combinatorial code of spatio-temporal coexpression among the various gene family members during plant development. This raises the prospect that functional ACS heterodimers may be formed in planta.
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PMID:Unique and overlapping expression patterns among the Arabidopsis 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family members. 1546 21

Mtm1p is essential for the posttranslational activation of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, whether the same holds true for Arabidopsis thaliana is unknown. In this study, by using the yeast mtm1 mutant complementation method, we identified a putative MTM gene (AtMTM1, At4g27940) that is necessary for SOD2 activation. Further, analysis of SOD activity revealed that an SOD2 defect is rescued in the yeast mutant Y07288 harboring the AtMTM1 gene. Related mRNA-level analysis showed the AtMTM1 gene is induced by paraquat but not by hydrogen peroxide, which indicates that this gene is related to the superoxide scavenger SOD. In addition, an AtMTM1::GFP fusion construct was transiently expressed in the protoplasts, and it was localized to the mitochondria. Furthermore, sequence deletion analysis of AtMTM1 revealed that the code region (amino acid (aa) 60-198) of Mtm1p plays an important role in localization of the protein to the mitochondria. Regulation of AtMTM1 gene expression was analyzed using a fusion construct of the 1,766 bp AtMTM1 promoter and the GUS (beta-glucuronidase) reporter gene. The screen identified GUS reporter gene expression in the developing cotyledons, leaves, roots, stems, and flowers but not in the siliques. Our results suggest that AtMTM1 encodes a mitochondrial protein that may be playing an important role in activation of MnSOD1 in Arabidopsis.
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PMID:AtMTM1, a novel mitochondrial protein, may be involved in activation of the manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in Arabidopsis. 1752 87