Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From a potato genomic library a phage lambda clone was isolated that carried nucleotide sequences of two patatin genes, thus demonstrating a close physical linkage between these two members of the patatin gene family. Sequence and restriction analysis showed the genes to be oriented in tandem. The more upstream gene was a pseudogene truncated at the 3' end, whereas the downstream gene was a class II patatin gene. In addition to a 208 bp fragment also present in patatin class I promoters, the region in between both genes contained various direct repeats also found in other patatin genes. To study the promoter activity of this intergenic region, a 2.78 kb fragment was transcriptionally fused to the beta-glucuronidase gene and reintroduced into potato cultivar Bintje. Histochemical analysis revealed expression in the outermost layer of cells of the cortex, in the tuber phellogen, in or around the root vascular system, and also in the abaxial phloem layer of the vascular bundle in leaves.
 ...
PMID:Analysis of the region in between two closely linked patatin genes: class II promoter activity in tuber, root and leaf. 145 Mar 83

YACs from the region containing the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) locus at 5q12 have been used as probes in a direct screening of cDNA libraries to isolate 8 cDNAs, mapped to different YAC fragments. Three clones showed complete identity to the genes for cyclin B1 (CCNB1), the p44 subunit of the transcription factor BTF2 (BTF2p44), and cofilin (CFL). Two clones showed partial identity to the beta-glucuronidase gene (GLCB) and a rat integral membrane glycoprotein gene (RNINMEGLA). CFL turned out to have been identified by a pseudogene sequence. Related sequences occurred on other chromosomes. CCNB1 and BTF2p44 were given an exact location. The GLCB-like gene and the RNINMEGLA-like gene detected loci on both 5q and 5p. The remaining three cDNA clones were localized to the SMA region only. Their sequences did not show identity to any gene for which a function is already known. Two of them have now turned out to be identical to recently reported candidate genes for SMA.
 ...
PMID:A provisional transcript map of the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) critical region. 755 46

The maize Opaque2 (O2) protein is a "leucine zipper" DNA binding factor that interacts with the sequence TCCACGTAGA in the promoters of the 22-kD alpha-zein genes and activates its transcription. A completely different consensus sequence (GATGAPyPuTGPu) identified in b-32, a gene that encodes an abundant albumin that is also under control of the O2 locus, can also be bound by the O2 protein. We showed that the gene encoding the 22-kD-like alpha-coixin, the alpha-prolamin of the maize-related grass Coix, can also be transactivated by the O2 protein. A binding assay in vitro and footprint analysis demonstrated that the GACATGTC sequence of the alpha-coixin promoter can be recognized and protected by the maize O2 protein. Employing transient expression experiments in immature maize endosperm and tobacco mesophyll protoplasts, we demonstrated that the O2 protein can activate expression of the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene placed under the control of the 22-kD-like alpha-coixin promoter. We also demonstrated that a 22-kD-like alpha-coixin pseudogene promoter is transactivated by the maize O2 protein.
 ...
PMID:The transcriptional activator Opaque2 recognizes two different target sequences in the 22-kD-like alpha-prolamin genes. 814 47

The gene coding for human beta-glucuronidase (GUSB) was mapped to 7q11.21 --> q11.22 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), thus clarifying the contradictory published localizations of this gene. Multiple unprocessed pseudogenes and pseudogene fragments for GUSB have been described. However, only two weak signals, one at chromosome band 5p13 and the other at 5q13, could be detected with FISH, suggesting considerable divergence between GUSB and its related sequences.
 ...
PMID:Localization by fluorescence in situ hybridization of the human functional beta-glucuronidase gene (GUSB) to 7q11.21 --> q11.22 and two pseudogenes to 5p13 and 5q13. 856 35

In Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) and related species, (S)-reticuline serves as a branch-point intermediate in the biosynthesis of numerous isoquinoline alkaloids. The berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) ([S]-reticuline:oxygen oxidoreductase [methylene bridge forming], EC 1.5.3.9) catalyzes the stereospecific conversion of the N-methyl moiety of (S)-reticuline into the berberine bridge carbon of (S)-scoulerine and represents the first committed step in the pathway leading to the antimicrobial alkaloid sanguinarine. Three unique genomic clones (bbe1, bbe2, and bbe3) similar to a BBE cDNA from Eschscholtzia californica (California poppy) were isolated from opium poppy. Two clones (bbe2 and bbe3) contained frame-shift mutations of which bbe2 was identified as a putative, nonexpressed pseudogene by RNA blot hybridization using a gene-specific probe and by the lack of transient expression of a chimeric gene fusion between the bbe2 5' flanking region and a beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. Similarly, bbe1 was shown to be expressed in opium poppy plants and cultured cells. Genomic DNA blot-hybridization data were consistent with a limited number of bbe homologs. RNA blot hybridization showed that bbe genes are expressed in roots and stems of mature plants and in seedlings within 3 d after germination. Rapid and transient BBE mRNA accumulation also occurred after treatment with a fungal elicitor or with methyl jasmonate. However, sanguinarine was found only in roots, seedlings, and fungal elicitor-treated cell cultures.
 ...
PMID:Molecular characterization of berberine bridge enzyme genes from opium poppy. 897 4

The human genome contains six hyaluronidase-like genes. Three genes (HYAL1, HYAL2 and HYAL3) are clustered on chromosome 3p21.3, and another two genes (HYAL4 and PH-20/SPAM1) and one expressed pseudogene (HYALP1) are similarly clustered on chromosome 7q31.3. The extensive homology between the different hyaluronidase genes suggests ancient gene duplication, followed by en masse block duplication, events that occurred before the emergence of modern mammals. Very recently we have found that the mouse genome also has six hyaluronidase-like genes that are also grouped into two clusters of three, in regions syntenic with the human genome. Surprisingly, the mouse ortholog of HYALP1 does not contain any mutations, and unlike its human counterpart may actually encode an active enzyme. Hyal-1 is the only hyaluronidase in mammalian plasma and urine, and is also found at high levels in major organs such as liver, kidney, spleen, and heart. A model is proposed suggesting that Hyal-2 and Hyal-1 are the major mammalian hyaluronidases in somatic tissues, and that they act in concert to degrade high molecular weight hyaluronan to the tetrasaccharide. Twenty-kDa hyaluronan fragments are generated at the cell surface in unique endocytic vesicles resulting from digestion by the glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol-anchored Hyal-2, transported intracellularly by an unknown process, and then further digested by Hyal-1. The two beta-exoglycosidases, beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, remove sugars from reducing termini of hyaluronan oligomers, and supplement the hyaluronidases in the catabolism of hyaluronan.
 ...
PMID:The six hyaluronidase-like genes in the human and mouse genomes. 1173 Dec 67