Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of adenosine were studied on human neutrophils with respect to their generation of superoxide anion, degranulation, and aggregation in response to soluble stimuli. Adenosine markedly inhibited superoxide anion generation by neutrophils stimulated with N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP), concanavalin A (Con A), calcium ionophore A23187, and zymosan-treated serum; it inhibited this response to PMA to a far lesser extent. The effects of adenosine were evident at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 microM with maximal inhibition at 100 microM. Cellular uptake of adenosine was not required for adenosine-induced inhibition since inhibition was maintained despite the addition of dipyridamole, which blocks nucleoside uptake. Nor was metabolism of adenosine required, since both deoxycoformycin (DCF) and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine did not interfere with adenosine inhibition of superoxide anion generation. The finding that 2-chloroadenosine, which is not metabolized, resembled adenosine in its ability to inhibit superoxide anion generation added further evidence that adenosine metabolism was not required for inhibition of superoxide anion generation by neutrophils. Unexpectedly, endogenously generated adenosine was present in supernatants of neutrophil suspensions at 0.14-0.28 microM. Removal of endogenous adenosine by incubation of neutrophils with exogenous adenosine deaminase (ADA) led to marked enhancement of superoxide anion generation in response to FMLP. Inactivation of ADA with DCF abrogated the enhancement of superoxide anion generation. Thus, the enhancement was not due to a nonspecific effect of added protein. Nor was the enhancement due to the generation of hypoxanthine or inosine by deamination of adenosine, since addition of these compounds did not affect neutrophil function. Adenosine did not significantly affect either aggregation or lysozyme release and only modestly affected beta-glucuronidase release by neutrophils stimulated with FMLP. These data indicate that adenosine (at concentrations that are present in plasma) acting via cell surface receptors is a specific modulator of superoxide anion generation by neutrophils.
 ...
PMID:Adenosine: a physiological modulator of superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils. 631 34

Ten enzymes, all known to be glycoproteins, were examined by electrophoresis or gel isoelectric focusing in 12 different patients with primary or secondary sialidase deficiency. Aberrant electrophoretic mobilities of many of the enzymes attributable to abnormal sialylation were found in all the patients. In ten of the patients seven of the enzymes were affected. The unaffected enzymes were beta-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase. In the cells from the two patients with I cell disease (mucolipidosis II) in which sialidase is one of many deficient enzymes, beta-galactosidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase were undetectable, alkaline phosphatase showed a normal electrophoretic mobility and acid phosphatase, adenosine deaminase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase showed aberrant mobilities.
 ...
PMID:Electrophoretic analysis of glycoprotein enzymes in the sialidoses and mucolipidoses. 645 53

No significant differences were found between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice in the levels of Thy 1.2 antigen (a T-cell marker) or the activities of the T-cell maturation-related enzymes adenosine deaminase (ADA, EC 3.5.4.4), serine-esterase (SE, EC 3.4.21), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NABG, EC 3.2.1.30) and beta-glucuronidase (BG, EC 3.1.1.1), in either unfractionated lymphoid cells or T-lymphocyte-enriched fractions. ADA, SE, NABG and BG activities were much higher (P < 0.01) in the calf than in the corresponding populations in mice. However, the distributions of these activities among thymocyte subpopulations were very similar in mice and the calf. These results provide indirect evidence to suggest that the course of T-cell maturation is similar in mice and the calf.
 ...
PMID:Markers of T-cell differentiation and maturation in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice and in the calf: a comparative study. 771 43

In this work we studied the effect of Prothymosin alpha (ProT alpha) and other thymic factors on the expression of Thy 1.2 antigen (a T-cell marker) and the activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA, E.C. 3.5.4.4), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NABG, E.C. 3.2.1.30), beta-glucuronidase (BG, E.C. 3.1.1.1) and serine-esterase (SE, E.C. 3.4.21)., the levels of which change during the T-cell differentiation process among small thymocytes obtained from C57BL/6 mice. Incubation of small thymocytes in the presence of ProT alpha, Thymus Extracts (TE) or supernatants prepared from thymic stromal cells (TSCS) or thymocytes (TS) reduced the proportion of cells killed by anti-Thy 1.2 monoclonal antibodies but did not affect the enzymatic activities studied. This is the first evidence that ProT alpha affects Thy 1.2 expression in vitro.
 ...
PMID:Prothymosin alpha and factors from calf thymic cells decrease expression of Thy 1.2 antigen among small thymocytes from C57BL/6 mice. 779 93

To determine whether the activities of certain hydrolases (arylesterase, beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin L, plasminogen activators, arginase, glutaminase, asparaginase and adenosine deaminase) are changed during pregnancy, three groups of 15 apparently healthy women (aged 18-38 years) in their first, second and third trimester of pregnancy were compared to a control group formed of 15 non-pregnant women of similar ages. Enzyme and specific activities gradually increased from the first to the end of the third trimester of pregnancy for arylesterase and beta-glucuronidase, these increases being statistically significant (P < 0.01) in comparison to controls. However, as regards cathepsin L and plasminogen activators, the greatest increase was found in the second trimester. Arginase, glutaminase and asparaginase activities were very low and not distinguishable from the controls. In conclusion, differences in the activities of several hydrolases have been found in the sera of healthy pregnant women in comparison to controls.
 ...
PMID:Variation in serum arylesterase, beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin L and plasminogen activators during pregnancy. 893 58

Current human gene therapy relies on genetic modification of the patient's own cells. An alternate non-autologous approach is to use universal cell lines engineered to secrete therapeutic products. Protection with immuno-isolation devices would allow the same recombinant cell line to be used for different patients, thus potentially lowering the cost of treatment. The feasibility of this idea has now been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant gene products with potential therapeutic applications (human growth hormone, factor IX, lysosomal enzymes, adenosine deaminase) have been expressed from genetically modified cells after encapsulation with alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate or hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate. We have also demonstrated the feasibility of this idea in vivo. After intraperitoneal implantation, genetically modified mouse Ltk- fibroblasts or C2C12 myoblasts encapsulated in alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate could deliver recombinant gene products (human growth hormone, human factor IX) to the systemic circulation of mice. The clinical efficacy of this novel approach to gene therapy has now been shown in murine models of human diseases. In the Snell dwarf mice deficient in growth hormone production, implantation of encapsulated mouse myoblasts engineered to secrete mouse growth hormone resulted in increases in body weight, length and organ sizes, some to > 25% above those of the controls. In the Gus/Gus mice suffering from the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis type VII due to deficient beta-glucuronidase, implantation of encapsulated mouse fibroblasts engineered to secrete mouse beta-glucuronidase resulted in delivery of normal levels of the enzyme in the plasma and significant correction of the organ histopathology. Hence, delivery of recombinant gene products through bioartificial devices appears to be a promising strategy for the treatment of genetic diseases.
 ...
PMID:Microcapsules as bio-organs for somatic gene therapy. 961 35

We investigated the effects of vinyl chloride monomer exposure on the liver of 86 workers by measuring beta-glucuronidase, arylsulfatase A, adenosine deaminase, 5'-nucleotidase and routine liver function enzymes in the sera of the workers. In 21 of them, three or more of these parameters were raised, with a significant decrease in the level of blood glutathione and a significant increase in the enzyme activity level of glutathione S-transferase. Of these 21 workers, 14 had fatty liver infiltration, 8 of whom were also suffering from liver enlargement. Also, 4 workers had liver enlargement without fatty infiltration and 3 had enlarged spleens. The study highlights the need for vigilance in environmental monitoring and medical surveillance of workers exposed to this chemical.
 ...
PMID:Biochemical effects of vinyl chloride monomer on the liver of occupationally exposed workers. 1219 57

THE COMPOSITION OF ISOLATED NUCLEI AND CELL PREPARATIONS FROM TISSUES OF CALF, BEEF, HORSE, AND FOWL WAS STUDIED WITH RESPECT TO THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS: 1. Liver and kidney arginase, catalase, and uricase; pancreatic lipase and amylase; cardiac muscle myoglobin; erythrocyte hemoglobin; intestinal alkaline phospharase. These are referred to as "special" components in view of their characteristically restricted distribution reflecting the differentiated nature of the tissues in question. 2. Esterase, beta-glucuronidase, alkaline and nucleotide phosphatases, adenosine deaminase, guanase, and nucleoside phosphorylase. These are enzymes of general distribution. The differences in nuclear composition noted with respect to the "special" components, together with the broad variability in nuclear activity found for enzymes of general distribution, led to the conclusion that nuclei are differentiated structures. The following distribution was observed: 1. "Special" components: Hemoglobin was found to be present in fowl and goose erythrocyte nuclei, but myoglobin was entirely absent from heart muscle nuclei; of the special enzymes listed, only catalase and arginase appeared to be concentrated in some of the nuclei. There was no significant nuclear concentration of lipase, amylase, uricase, or alkaline phosphatase. No simple relationship was found between the concentration of a special enzyme in a tissue and its activity in the corresponding nuclei. For example, arginase activity, which is high in mammalian liver and in fowl kidney, was found in liver, not kidney, nuclei. Similarly, catalase activity was demonstrated only in mammalian liver nuclei, although, in mammals, both liver and kidney are rich sources of this enzyme. 2. Enzymes of general distribution fell into three classes: (a) Those present in low concentrations, if at all, in the nuclei-alkaline phosphatase, the nucleotide phosphatases) and beta-glucuronidase. (b) Those present in nuclei in varying concentrations-esterase. (c) Those present in high proportions in most nuclei-adenosine deaminase, nucleoside phosphorylase, and guanase. The exceptionally low nuclear activity of intestinal mucosa with respect to these enzymes was discussed in relation to physiological considerations. The response of nuclei to changes in physiological state was demonstrated by experiments on starvation. The outstanding aspect of this response was a change in nuclear enzymatic activity opposing that observed in the cytoplasm. A comparison of fetal and adult mucosa cells led to the following tentative interpretation of the observed intracellular enzyme distribution: In cells tending to moribundity, as in those subjected to starvation, relative nuclear enzymatic activity falls. The occurrence of special enzymes in nuclei was considered in terms of differentiation, and the high nuclear concentration of the nucleoside-specific enzymes was interpreted in terms of general nuclear metabolic activity.
 ...
PMID:Some enzymes of isolated nuclei. 1489 35