Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous studies have shown that bovine retinas incubated with [3H]galactose incorporated it, unmodified, into large molecules. Light and electron microscope autoradiography showed a significant proportion of the label to be in cone inner segments, and pulse-chase studies showed it was subsequently transported to the synaptic pedicles. In this report, evidence is presented to show that the galactose-labelled macromolecules are resistant to hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes, testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase, but are readily degraded by alpha-amylase and beta-galactosidase, and to a lesser extent by beta-amylase. Treatment with alpha-amylase also leads to specific removal of radioactivity from cone inner segments and pedicles, as judged by light-microscopic autoradiography. These studies appear to indicate that the cone-specific galactose label is in glycogen or glycogen-like molecules.
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PMID:D-[3H]galactose incorporation into glycogen in retinal cone cells. 231 72

Three fluorescein-labeled lectins were shown to bind differentially to cell surfaces in different epithelial layers of rat oral mucosa regardless of the age or the site of origin of the tissue. Griffonia simplicifolia (GS-1-B4), specific for alpha-D-galactosyl end groups, labeled basal cells only; Ulex europeus (Ulex 1) specific for alpha-L-fucosyl groups labeled spinous cells; and Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BSII), specific for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, labeled cornified cells. Pretreatment of sections with alpha-galactosidase completely abolished the staining of basal cells by GS-1-B4, but had no effect on the staining of spinous cells by Ulex 1. In contrast, alpha-fucosidase abolished the staining of spinous cells by Ulex 1 and caused staining of both basal and spinous cells by GS-1-B4. Neuraminidase and chondroitinase ABC produced results similar to one another, with staining of basal cells by GS-1-B4 and labeling of both basal and spinous cells with Ulex 1. beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and testicular hyaluronidase did not affect the staining pattern of GS-1-B4 or Ulex 1, whereas chymotrypsin completely abolished any staining with either lectin. The results demonstrate a complex arrangement of cell surface carbohydrates in the epithelium of rat oral mucosa. The findings indicate a possible simplification in the spatial arrangements of cell surface carbohydrates during the differentiation of basal to spinous cells.
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PMID:Preferential lectin binding to specific layers of rat oral epithelium and modification by enzyme pretreatment. 299 51

For Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum, the so-called ABC model has been developed, which postulates that the determination of floral organ primordia is controlled by the action of three classes of homeotic genes. A number of these ABC genes encode putative transcription factors with the MADS box DNA binding motif. This paper reports on the functional analysis of the petunia MADS box gene fbp1. The temporal and spatial expression of fbp1 has been investigated in detail in transgenic plants containing the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene fused to an fbp1 promoter fragment. fbp1-driven GUS activity was specifically detected in emerging petal and stamen primordia, suggesting a function of fbp1 in the control of second and third floral whorl identity. To test this hypothesis, transgenic petunia plants were generated in which fbp1 expression was inhibited by a co-suppression approach. The flowers of such plants exhibited homeotic conversions of petals towards sepals and stamens towards carpels. Occasionally, the third whorl carpels are fused forming a pentalocular gynoecium. This dominant fbp1 mutation acted as a single Mendelian trait in genetic crosses. These results strongly indicate that fbp1 is a petunia class B homeotic gene which is required for the correct initiation and determination of petals and stamens.
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PMID:Petal and stamen formation in petunia is regulated by the homeotic gene fbp1. 810 81

The regulation of the compatible solute transport systems in Listeria monocytogenes by the stress-inducible sigma factor sigma(B) was investigated. Using wild-type strain 10403S and an otherwise isogenic strain carrying an in-frame deletion in sigB, we have examined the role of sigma(B) in regulating the ability of cells to utilize betaine and carnitine during growth under conditions of hyperosmotic stress. Cells lacking sigma(B) were defective for the utilization of carnitine but retained the ability to utilize betaine as an osmoprotectant. When compatible solute transport studies were performed, the initial rates of uptake of both betaine and carnitine were found to be reduced in the sigB mutant; carnitine transport was almost abolished, whereas betaine transport was reduced to approximately 50% of that of the parent strain. Analysis of the cytoplasmic pools of compatible solutes during balanced growth revealed that both carnitine and betaine steady-state pools were reduced in the sigB mutant. Transcriptional reporter fusions to the opuC (which encodes an ABC carnitine transporter) and betL (which encodes an a secondary betaine transporter) operons were generated by using a promoterless copy of the gus gene from Escherichia coli. Measurement of beta-glucuronidase activities directed by opuC-gus and betL-gus revealed that transcription of opuC is largely sigma(B) dependent, consistent with the existence of a potential sigma(B) consensus promoter motif upstream from opuCA. The transcription of betL was found to be sigB independent. Reverse transcriptase PCR experiments confirmed these data and indicated that the transcription of all three known compatible solute uptake systems (opuC, betL, and gbu), as well as a gene that is predicted to encode a compatible solute transporter subunit (lmo1421) is induced in response to elevated osmolarity. The osmotic induction of opuCA and lmo1421 was found to be strongly sigma(B) dependent. Together these observations suggest that sigma(B) plays a major role in the regulation of carnitine utilization by L. monocytogenes but is not essential for betaine utilization by this pathogen.
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PMID:Role of sigmaB in regulating the compatible solute uptake systems of Listeria monocytogenes: osmotic induction of opuC is sigmaB dependent. 1267 77

In the K/BxN mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, autoantibodies specific for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) can transfer joint-specific inflammation to most strains of normal mice. Binding of GPI and autoantibody to the joint surface is a prerequisite for joint-specific inflammation. However, how GPI localizes to the joint remains unclear. We show that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the high affinity (83 nm) joint receptors for GPI. The binding affinity and structural differences between mouse paw/ankle GAGs and elbows/knee GAGs correlated with the distal to proximal disease severity in these joints. We found that cartilage surface GPI binding was greatly reduced by either chondroitinase ABC or beta-glucuronidase treatment. We also identified several inhibitors that inhibit both GPI/GAG interaction and GPI enzymatic activities, which suggests that the GPI GAG-binding domain overlaps with the active site of GPI enzyme. Our studies raise the possibility that GAGs are the receptors for other autoantigens involved in joint-specific inflammatory responses.
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PMID:High affinity glycosaminoglycan and autoantigen interaction explains joint specificity in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. 1894 58

Possible promoter regions preceding 14 genes belonging to the proteolytic system of Streptococcus thermophilus KLDS 3.0503 were predicted by a promoter analysis software nnpp. The 14 genes included an extracellular protease gene prtS, an oligopeptide ABC transport system gene amiA1, and 12 genes, respectively, encoding peptidases pepA, pepS, pepN, pepC, pepB, pepQ, pepV, pepT, pepM, pepXP, pepP, and pepO. These predicted promoter sequences were cloned and inserted into the upstream of a promoterless Escherichia coli gusA (beta-glucuronidase) gene in a promoter probe vector pNZ273. The resulting vectors were, respectively, introduced into S. thermophilus KLDS 3.0503 and all 14 predicted promoter sequences were able to drive gusA expression, which indicated that these sequences were functional promoters. These promoters were able to interact with the S. thermophilus CodY homolog in an in vitro DNA binding assay but they did not contain a conserved CodY-box sequence identified in Lactococcus lactis. These results were useful for further studies on the regulation of protein metabolism in S. thermophilus.
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PMID:Possible promoter regions within the proteolytic system in Streptococcus thermophilus and their interaction with the CodY homolog. 1955 12