Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Classification and identification of fermentative actinomycetes are labor-intensive and problematic. In this study, we evaluated the applicability and reliability of the RapID ANA II system (Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.) and the discriminatory value of the API ZYM system (Societes Analytab Products Inc., La Balme Les Grottes, France) in the identification of Actinomyces-like bacteria by using conventional methods as a reference. Eighty-five strains, including 71 isolates from mixed anaerobic infections and 14 reference strains, were tested. The RapID ANA II system correctly identified all Actinomyces odontolyticus strains and 65% of Actinomyces israelii strains. All Arcanobacterium haemolyticum strains were misidentified as Actinomyces pyogenes. The most common isolates in the study were Actinomyces meyeri-like organisms, 84% of which, however, were aerotolerant. The identification of these aerotolerant strains thus remains unresolved and warrants further studies. New characteristics and changes to the conventional API ZYM enzyme profiles are suggested. The API ZYM enzyme profiles of A. odontolyticus and A. israelii were very similar, the only discriminating enzyme being alpha-fucosidase. In differentiation between A. pyogenes and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, the production of beta-glucuronidase by the former and the production of acid phosphatase by the latter are suggested as new helpful characteristics for use in clinical laboratories. In summary, the RapID ANA II and API ZYM systems can be used as rapid preliminary methods in the identification of Actinomyces species but accurate identification requires supplementary conventional tests and gas-liquid chromatography.
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PMID:Evaluation of the RapID ANA II and API ZYM systems for identification of Actinomyces species from clinical specimens. 145 93

The patterns of metabolic conjugation of the isomeric 1- and 2-naphthylacetic acids have been compared in guinea pig, mouse, hamster and gerbil. Equimolar doses of [carboxy-14C]1- and 2-naphthylacetic acids were given to these species by i.p. injection, their urine collected and urinary metabolites examined by t.l.c. before and after treatment with beta-glucuronidase or mild alkali. 2. Urinary excretion of 14C following administration of 14C-1-naphthylacetic acid was 76-93% of dose in 72 h, the bulk being eliminated in 24 h. Urinary metabolites comprised 1-naphthylacetic-glycine and -glucuronide together with the unchanged acid. 3. Following administration of 14C-2-naphthylacetic acid, some 68-94% of the 14C dose was recovered in the urine in 72 h, with the majority in the 0-24 h urine. All four species excreted 2-naphthylacetyl-glucuronide and -glycine: additionally, 2-naphthylacetyl-taurine was excreted by mouse, gerbil and hamster and the glutamine conjugate was also present in hamster urine.
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PMID:Studies on the metabolism of arylacetic acids. 6. Comparative metabolic conjugation of 1- and 2-naphthylacetic acids in the guinea pig, mouse, hamster and gerbil. 366 Aug 51

Excised cotyledons of Orychophragmus violaceus were used as explants for tissue culture. They were cultured on the MS medium supplemented with BA (3 mg/L) and NAA (0.2 mg/L). When the regenerated buds were 2 cm long, they were excised and transferred onto 1/2 MS medium with IBA (0.03 mg/L), then the whole plants were regenerated. The frequency of plant regeneration was 100%. Subsequently, the genetic transformation of O. violaceus was studied. After 2-3 days of cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain A208se (pTiT37, pROA93), the cotyledons were transferred onto the selection medium containing 25 mg/L Km and 250 mg/L Ap. After shoots emerged, they were excised and transferred onto the rooting medium containing 25 mg/L Km and 100 mg/L Cef. The roots were formed within 4-5 weeks. The whole plants were transplanted into pots and grew well. The frequency of plant regeneration was about 51%. The regenerated plants showed high enzymatic activities of beta-glucuronidase and neomycine phosphotransferase II. Southern blot analysis confirmed that NPTII gene had been stably integrated into the chromosomal genome of O. violaceus. The transformation frequency was 5.6%. The first transgenic plant of O. violaceus is being reported.
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PMID:Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of Orychophragmus violaceus cotyledon and regeneration of transgenic plants. 887 13

The tightly regulated expression patterns of structural cell wall proteins in several plant species indicate that they play a crucial role in determining the extracellular matrix structure for specific cell types. We demonstrate that AtPRP3, a proline-rich cell wall protein in Arabidopsis, is expressed in root-hair-bearing epidermal cells at the root/shoot junction and within the root differentiation zone of light-grown seedlings. Several lines of evidence support a direct relationship between AtPRP3 expression and root hair development. AtPRP3/beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression increased in roots of transgenic seedlings treated with either 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) or alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (alpha-NAA), compounds known to promote root hair formation. In the presence of 1-alpha-(2-aminoethoxyvinyl)glycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, AtPRP3/GUS expression was strongly reduced, but could be rescued by co-addition of ACC or alpha-NAA to the growth medium. In addition, AtPRP3/GUS activity was enhanced in ttg and gl2 mutant backgrounds that exhibit ectopic root hairs, but was reduced in rhd6 and 35S-R root-hair-less mutant seedlings. These results indicate that AtPRP3 is regulated by developmental pathways involved in root hair formation, and are consistent with AtPRP3's contributing to cell wall structure in Arabidopsis root hairs.
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PMID:Expression of AtPRP3, a proline-rich structural cell wall protein from Arabidopsis, is regulated by cell-type-specific developmental pathways involved in root hair formation. 1071 33

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Vigna radiata L. Wilczek has been achieved. Hypocotyl and primary leaves excised from 2-day-old in-vitro grown seedlings produced transgenic calli on B(5) basal medium supplemented with 5x10(-6) M BAP, 2.5x10(-6) M each of 2,4-D and NAA and 50 mg l(-1) kanamycin after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, LBA4404 (pTOK233), EHA105 (pBin9GusInt) and C58C1 (pIG121Hm) all containing beta-glucuronidase (gusA) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) marker genes. Transformed calli were found resistant to kanamycin up to 1000 mg(.)l(-1). Gene expression of kanamycin resistance (nptII) and gusA in transformed calli was demonstrated by nptII assay and GUS histochemical analysis, respectively. Stable integration of T-DNA into the genome of transformed calli of mungbean was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Transgenic calli could not regenerate shoots on B(5) or B(5) containing different cytokinins or auxins alone or in combination. However, for the first time, transformed green shoots showing strong GUS activity were regenerated directly from cotyledonary node explants cultured after co-cultivation with LBA4404 (pTOK233) on B(5) medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine (5x10(-7) M) and 75 mg l(-1) kanamycin. The putative transformed shoots were rooted on B(5)+indole-3-butyric acid (5x10(-6) M) within 10-14 days and resulted plantlets subsequently developed flowers and pods with viable seeds in vitro after 20 days of root induction. The stamens, pollen grains and T(0) seeds showed GUS activity. Molecular analysis of putative transformed plants revealed the integration and expression of transgenes in T(0) plants and their seeds.
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PMID:Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) - a recalcitrant grain legume. 1144 54

The hypocotyls and cotyledons of the asepetic seedling of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis L cv. Pudongaijiecai) were used as explants for tissue culture. Adventitious buds were differentiated on modified MS medium supplemented with TDZ 1-2 mg/L, NAA 0.2-1 mg/L and AgNO3 7.5 mg/L. The percentage of explants which formed buds of cotyledons was about 56%, and that of hypocotyls was about 37%. When the regenerated explants were transferred onto MS medium with 2 i.p. 5 mg/L and NAA 0.1 mg/L for two weeks, whole plantlets were obtained by culturing the regenerated shoots on 1/2 MS medium with NAA 0.1 mg/L. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain (LBA 4404/PBI 121) carrying the GUS gene and Npt II gene was used for transformation. After 2 days of coculture, the hypocotyls and cotyledons were transferred onto regenerated medium containing CP 300 mg/L for bud formation. After 4-5 weeks, the differentiated buds were transferred onto selection medium with CP 200 mg/L and Km 10 mg/L for 1 month, then the green shoots were transferred onto the rooting medium containing Cef 100 mg/L and Km 20 mg/L. 4-5 weeks later, plantlets with Km resistance were obtained and some of them showed higher enzymatic activities of beta-glucuronidase than control ones.
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PMID:[Preliminary studies on tissue culture and agrobacterium-medicated transformation of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis]. 1254

The LE-ACS6 gene encodes ACC synthase, the key enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis pathway. Accumulation of LE-ACS6 transcripts is concomitant with the system 1 ethylene production in the pre-climacteric tomato fruit, and both are down regulated by exogenous ethylene treatment. To elucidate the possible role of system 1 ethylene in plant development and investigate the promoter tissue specificity of LE-ACS6 gene, stable transformation of Arabidopsis with a LE-ACS6 promoter-GUS fusion construct by Agrobacterium method has been done. Histochemical localization of GUS activity and beta-glucuronidase enzyme assay in transgenic LE-ACS6::GUS plants showed strong expression of GUS in cotyledons and hypocotyls of 6 d seedlings, but no GUS activity was detected in roots. The GUS activity of 6 d seedling was increased significantly when treated with NAA 10(-4)mol/L. In 40 d rosette leaf LE-ACS6 promoter driven GUS gene was predominantly expressed in mature leaves. Lower level of GUS expression was detected in younger and older leaves. Wounding was found to increase GUS gene expression in transgenic leaves. Again, exogenous NAA was found to increase the GUS activity in wounded leaf tissue. Strong staining reaction was observed in the top part of rapidly growing stems. In different developmental stages of Arabidopsis seeds, "mature green" pods were strongly stained, but "ripening fruits" were not colored. These observations are concomitant with the system 1 ethylene production, suggesting a popular mechanism in regulating ethylene biosynthesis in different plants, at least in tomato and Arabidopsis.
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PMID:[Promoter specificity of LE-ACS6 gene in LE-ACS6::GUS transgenic arabidopsis plants]. 1559 34

The beta-glucosidase gene of maize (ZmGLU1) was suggested to hydrolyze cytokinin-conjugate and release free cytokinin during plant growth and development. A clone containing the upstream region of ZmGLU1 was isolated and sequenced from a maize genomic library. The full-length ZmGLU1 promoter and a series of its 5' deletions were fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and transferred into tobacco. The GUS activity of transgenic plants was assayed at various developmental stages. The results showed that ZmGLU1 promoter-driven GUS gene had the highest expression level in the roots and that the expression of GUS gene declined during seed maturation and down to the lowest level in mature seeds. The ZmGLU1 promoter-driven GUS expression increased during seed germination, reaching a peak on day 11. The results also showed that this promoter could be inhibited by 6-BA, trans-zeatin, and NAA, but was not affected by GA(3), ABA, SA, cold, salt, drought, and submergence treatments. The histochemical staining revealed that GUS activity was located in vigorous cell division zones with dominant staining associated with vascular tissues. Deletion analysis showed that the promoter contained a putative leaf-specific and stem-specific negative regulative element and two putative enhancers.
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PMID:Isolation of a maize beta-glucosidase gene promoter and characterization of its activity in transgenic tobacco. 1677 Jun 27

Mutation of either arginase structural gene (ARGAH1 or ARGAH2 encoding arginine [Arg] amidohydrolase-1 and -2, respectively) resulted in increased formation of lateral and adventitious roots in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings and increased nitric oxide (NO) accumulation and efflux, detected by the fluorogenic traps 3-amino,4-aminomethyl-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate and diamino-rhodamine-4M, respectively. Upon seedling exposure to the synthetic auxin naphthaleneacetic acid, NO accumulation was differentially enhanced in argah1-1 and argah2-1 compared with the wild type. In all genotypes, much 3-amino,4-aminomethyl-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence originated from mitochondria. The arginases are both localized to the mitochondrial matrix and closely related. However, their expression levels and patterns differ: ARGAH1 encoded the minor activity, and ARGAH1-driven beta-glucuronidase (GUS) was expressed throughout the seedling; the ARGAH2::GUS expression pattern was more localized. Naphthaleneacetic acid increased seedling lateral root numbers (total lateral roots per primary root) in the mutants to twice the number in the wild type, consistent with increased internal NO leading to enhanced auxin signaling in roots. In agreement, argah1-1 and argah2-1 showed increased expression of the auxin-responsive reporter DR5::GUS in root tips, emerging lateral roots, and hypocotyls. We propose that Arg, or an Arg derivative, is a potential NO source and that reduced arginase activity in the mutants results in greater conversion of Arg to NO, thereby potentiating auxin action in roots. This model is supported by supplemental Arg induction of adventitious roots and increased NO accumulation in argah1-1 and argah2-1 versus the wild type.
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PMID:Arginase-negative mutants of Arabidopsis exhibit increased nitric oxide signaling in root development. 1856 26

A 1,482-bp promoter sequence of the cotton cellulose synthase gene (GhCesA4) was isolated from Chinese cultivar CRI12 of Gossypium hirsutum, and transcriptionally fused to a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene for investigation of important regions controlling gene expression in transgenic tobacco plants. Histochemical staining showed that the full-length promoter directs efficient expression of the reporter gene in the roots, hypocotyls, vascular tissues of stems, trichomes, the central leaf veins, as well as in the anthers and pollen. Quantitative measurements of GUS activity demonstrated that higher expression levels were detected in the stems, fully expanded leaves, and styles of flowers. A series of 5' progressive deletions of the promoter revealed the presence of a negative regulatory region (-767 to -424) for promoter activity and a 247-bp fragment (-247 to -1) with the vascular tissue specificity of the basic transcription activity in the GhCesA4 promoter. Exposure of the transgenic tobacco to various abiotic stresses showed that the full-length construct predominantly responded to NAA, kinetin, and sugar. Furthermore, the NAA-response region was found to be located in the -1,482/-1204 fragment, while the element(s) for the sucrose-responsive expression may be present in the -247/-1 region in the GhCesA4 promoter. These findings will not only contribute to an explanation of the molecular mechanisms by which GhCesA4 participates in secondary cell wall morphogenesis and stress responses, but will also provide a good candidate for expression or accumulation of foreign genes of interest whose products are preferentially required in vascular tissues and are inducible under auxin treatment.
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PMID:Functional analysis of a cotton cellulose synthase A4 gene promoter in transgenic tobacco plants. 1965 47


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