Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Coelomocytes of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, were stained by cytochemical techniques to determine the biochemical composition of the seven different cell types and subtypes. The enzymes acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase are present in all types of coelomocytes, but are especially abundant in basophils and neutrophils; the differences in enzyme amounts correlate well with the differences in phagocytic activity of the various cell types. No peroxidase is present. The cytoplasmic basophilia of basophils is due primarily to ribonucleic acid. Basophils also contain large deposits of glycogen, with neutrophils and chloragogen cells containing somewhat lesser amounts. The predominant granules of the two types of acidophils and of granulocytes are composed of a basic protein and a neutral mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein. A second granule population, present in low numbers in acidophils and granulocytes, but in larger numbers in basophils and neutrophils, is small in size and lipid-positive and may, in part, represent lysosomes. Lipid is especially abundant in the vesicles and granules of the two types of chloragogen cells. Some granules of chloragogen cells also contain ferrous and ferric iron and a substance with pseudoperoxidase activity. The cytoplasm contains protein, glycogen, and a neutral mucopolysaccharide. In addition, acid mucopolysaccharides are variably present in the cytoplasm of chloragogen cells, the only coelomocytes to contain this class of substances.
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PMID:Cytochemical observations of coelomocytes from the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. 15 40

The presence of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and aryl sulfatase in juxtaglomerular cell granules (JGG) as well as the uptake and concentration of certain low molecular weight dyes by these granules have repeatedly suggested that they are akin to lysosomes. In the present experiments, rats were injected with three substances of widely different molecular weight and physicochemical properties--sucrose, iron sorbitol-citric acid complex (Jectofer) and horseradish peroxidase--that are well known to selectively concentrate in renal tubular cell lysosomes. None of these substances was found to enter the JGG to any significant degree, although both sucrose and Jectofer were evident in juxtaglomerular cells. Contrary to previous reports, thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) particles were not detected in the JGG after parenteral injection. These results indicate that JGG do not possess any significant lysosomal function and raise the question of the role of hydrolytic enzymes in the physiology of these granules.
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PMID:On the lysosomal function of juxtaglomerular granules. 61 Jul 7

The effects of dietary fat and dietary fiber (DF) levels in diet on fecal flora, activities of three fecal enzymes, putrefactive metabolites, fecal mutagenicity and fecal properties were studied in eight healthy volunteers. They were given low fat and low DF diet (LF: fat energy ratio was 13.9%, and DF intake was 9.0 g/day) for 10 days, high fat and low DF diet (HF: fat energy ratio was 52.7%, and DF intake was 7.1 g/day) for 10 days, and high fat and high DF diet (HFF: fat energy ratio was 52.0%, and DF intake was 24.8 g/day) for 10 days. No change of fecal flora at the bacterial group level was observed throughout the experimental period, except that the population of lactobacilli showed a tendency to increase in HF period. Fecal activities of beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase and nitroreductase and some putrefactive products were unchanged between LF and HF, while these values decreased in HFF period. No significant change of fecal properties was observed between LF and HF, while by HFF supplementation fecal weight increased and fecal pH value was lower than that in LF and HF. Excretions of iron, zinc and calcium in feces did not increase by high DF supplementation.
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PMID:Effect of dietary fat and fiber on fecal flora, bacterial metabolites, and fecal properties in Japanese volunteers. 133 9

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) exposed to highly purified human lactoferrin (from colostrum) exhibit an increased random motility (at least 2.5-fold) and are primed to produce more superoxide [12.1 +/- 1.2 nmol O2-/min/10(6) PMN preincubated with lactoferrin (0.5 mg/ml) against 6.4 +/- 2.3 with cells without lactoferrin after FMLP stimulation]. The action of lactoferrin seemed to be specific, because it could be abolished by simultaneous addition of antilactoferrin antibody. Addition of transferrin and iron salts to PMN was without effect. Between iron-poor and iron-saturated lactoferrin there was no difference in influence on PMN function except for a higher FMLP stimulated superoxide production by iron-saturated lactoferrin. Aggregation, degranulation (beta-glucuronidase, lysozyme), and bacterial killing were not influenced by lactoferrin. Incubation of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages with lactoferrin did not alter their motility or their superoxide production rates. Our findings indicate that PMN become more effective after exposure to lactoferrin by having a greater motility and producing superoxide at a faster rate.
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PMID:Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. 184 51

To test the hypothesis that enhanced intestinal absorption of bilirubin may contribute to prolonged nonconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in human milk-fed infants, we studied a cross-section of 36 healthy infants and mothers. Milk from mothers and serum from infants were collected at 16.3 +/- 2.4 days. Milk was studied for its effect on the absorption of bilirubin labeled with carbon 14 in rats and compared with buffer and iron-fortified infant formula (Similac With Iron). The percentage of a 1 mg bilirubin dose absorbed by the rat was 25.29 +/- 4.0% when it was administered into the duodenum with buffer, 4.67 +/- 2.4% with Similac formula, and 7.7 +/- 2.9% with human milk. Linear regression analysis, using the infant's serum nonconjugated bilirubin level as the dependent variable and the percentage of (14C)bilirubin absorbed by the rat with the corresponding mother's milk as the independent variable, revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.40; p = 0.016). Inspection of the data suggested that absorptive permissiveness correlated closely with infant serum bilirubin values greater than 24 mumol/L (1.4 mg/dl) (r = 0.55; p = 0.007), whereas in those with bilirubin values less than or equal to 24 mumol/L, there was no apparent correlation. Milk was also analyzed for beta-glucuronidase, nonesterified fatty acids, and the ability to inhibit glucuronosyltransferase activity of rat liver microsomes in vitro, none of which correlated with the infant's serum bilirubin. These data support the theory that enhanced intestinal absorption of bilirubin contributes to the jaundice associated with breast-feeding.
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PMID:Enterohepatic circulation of nonconjugated bilirubin in rats fed with human milk. 199 86

The present work deals with the histochemical, histoenzymological and micro-analytical study of the stomach of Littorina Littorea (L.). The results suggest the existence of intracellular digestion within the stomach cells. Thus, the occurrence of lysosomes in the mid-cytoplasm of stomach cells has been revealed by demonstration beta-glucuronidase activity in cryostat sections of frozen tissues. Other enzymatic activities have been proved with the same tissues. Accordingly, the results on lipid and pigment histochemistry indicate a certain digestion in this cell type. Mucocytes show a protective role for the epithelium, their main secretions being acid MPS. The elemental composition of electron dense concretions from the stomach cells indicate the presence of very high amounts of iron associated to lower peaks for sulphur, phosphorous and other cations found as calcium, copper and zinc.
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PMID:Histochemistry and elemental composition of the stomach cells in Littorina littorea (L.). 207 10

Pharmacokinetic studies have been carried out with the oral iron chelator 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1). HPLC analysis of serum of a normal volunteer and seven transfusional iron loaded patients who ingested a 3 gm dose of L1 revealed that L1 was most probably absorbed from the stomach and was transferred to the blood with a half-life of 0.7 to 32 minutes. L1 reached maximum concentration in the serum 12 to 120 minutes after administration with 85% to 90% elimination within the first 5 to 6 hours, with a half-life of 47 to 134 minutes. L1 and its glucuronide metabolite were identified in serum and urine but not in feces. In most cases hydrolysis of 24-hour urine samples with use of beta-glucuronidase resulted in almost complete recovery of the administered dose. Urinary iron excretion was proportional to the iron load but not to the serum or urine concentration of L1. The therapeutic efficiency of L1 can therefore be improved by repeated administration of 2 to 3 gm doses at least every 6 hours.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetic studies in humans with the oral iron chelator 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one. 240 Nov 24

Previous studies have established that human neutrophils (PMN) are unable to kill resting conidia (RC) of Aspergillus fumigatus but can kill conidia that have been preincubated in culture medium until swollen but not yet germinated. Compared with swollen conidia (SC), RC stimulate a relatively weak PMN respiratory burst. In the present study, we further examined the mechanisms of resistance of RC to neutrophil killing by comparing neutrophil degranulation and phagocytosis following stimulation by RC and SC opsonized in pooled human serum. RC, compared with SC, stimulated significantly less release of both the primary granule marker beta-glucuronidase and the secondary granule marker lactoferrin. PMN also phagocytosed significantly greater numbers of SC, although the differences in phagocytosis were not great enough to account for the differences in degranulation. Suboptimal stimulation of degranulation and phagocytosis may thus contribute to the inability of neutrophils to kill RC. Moreover, reagent lactoferrin bound avidly to both RC and SC, raising the possibility that PMN-released lactoferrin may contribute to antifungal activity at the conidial surface by competing for iron or catalyzing the formation of oxygen radicals.
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PMID:Human neutrophil degranulation stimulated by Aspergillus fumigatus. 240 56

The utilization of calcium from commercially available calcium supplements and yogurt and the effects of these calcium supplements on the utilization of other minerals were evaluated. Moderate and high levels (4 and 8 mg Ca/g diet) of calcium from four different sources of dietary calcium (yogurt, calcium phosphate dibasic, calcium magnesium chelate, and oyster shells) were fed to retired female breeder rats. Rats absorbed calcium equally efficiently from all four sources but ingestion of calcium phosphate dibasic tended to cause abnormal accumulation of calcium in kidneys. Ingestion of the calcium magnesium chelate improved calcium retention in bone but depressed the digestibility of the total diet. The elevation of dietary calcium did not affect tissue calcium levels or fecal beta-glucuronidase activity but depressed the apparent absorption of phosphorus, increased kidney phosphorus levels, decreased tibia iron levels, and decreased the digestibility of the total diet.
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PMID:Mineral metabolism of aging female rats fed various commercially available calcium supplements or yogurt. 324 58

In porcine areolar placental epithelia, the following enzymes were demonstrated by histochemical methods after 30, 58, 80, 100, and 110 d of pregnancy, respectively: beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, nonspecific esterases, cytochrome oxidase, 5-nucleotidase, leucine aminopeptidase, adenosine triphosphatase, diaphorases (NADH, NADPH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD-glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), lactate dehydrogenase. The results show that the enzyme activities remained almost unchanged during the period of investigation. Of the dehydrogenases, the diaphorases as well as succinate and lactate dehydrogenase demonstrated generally an intensive activity within the epithelia. The activity of the other dehydrogenases was only low. The activity of unspecific esterase was very intensive within the uterine epithelia but remarkably low within chorionic epithelia. Contrarily, the reaction of adenosine triphosphatase was more intensive within chorionic than uterine epithelia. All investigated glucosidases reacted distinctly positive within chorionic epithelia, but only beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase and beta-galactosidase in uterine epithelia. The high activity of acid phosphatase, especially within the chorionic epithelium, seems to be connected with uteroferrin, an iron-binding protein. The histochemical results are discussed in context with the function of the areolae in histiotrophic nutrition and iron transport.
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PMID:[Enzyme-histochemical studies of the pig placenta. II. Histotopics of enzymes in the areolar placenta epithelium]. 392 41


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