Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cercariae of Eurytrema pancreaticum (Janson, 1889) possess four types of gland cells - proper cystogenic, penetration, ventral and dorsal gland cells. The secretion of ventral and dorsal gland cells is released into the tegument. The proper cystogenic gland cells are the largest and their contents serve for the formation of the cyst wall of metacercariae in the second intermediate host. The secretion of proper cystogenic gland cells contains besides neutral mucosubstances also acid mucosubstances with both carboxyl- and sulphogroups digestible with beta-glucuronidase. The secretion of penetration gland cells contains neutral mucosubstances and proteins with tyrosine, tryptophan and SS groups. The ventral gland cells contain mostly acid mucosubstances with sulphogroups, which are digested with beta-glucuronidase, and proteins with tyrosine, tryptophan and SH groups. The rudimentary dorsal gland cells contain a small amount of acid mucosubstances. The whole tegument of cercariae and the two main collecting canals of the excretory system exhibit a high alkaline phosphatase activity. The nerve ring and the main nerve truncs contain proteins with SH groups and hydrophilic lipids and exhibit a cholinesterase activity. The suckers contain a larger amount of glycogen.
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PMID:Histochemistry of gland cells of Eurytrema pancreaticum cercariae. 16 44

Activity of arylsulphatase, beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin D, and acid phosphatase in the homogenates of melanotic and amelanotic melanoma was determined. The activity of these enzymes is higher in melanotic than in amelanotic melanoma. Respective values for melanotic and amelanotic tumours are: arylsulphatase 10,78 +/- 3,20, and 1,45 +/- 0,66 micron 4-nitrocatechole/mg protein/hr; beta-glucuronidase 11,10 +/- 1,40, and 9,98 +/- 1,35 micron phenolphthalein/mg protein/hr; cathepsin D 4,24 +/- 1,37, and 3,26 +/- 0,73 micron tyrosine/mg protein/hr; acid phosphatase 230 +/- 22, and 180 +/- 25 micron p-nitrophenol/mg protein/hr. These differences are statistically significant. The increased activity of the lysosomal enzymes in melantoic melanoma probably depends on the occurrence of an higher number of lysosomes in tissues containing melanins.
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PMID:Activity of some lysosomal hydrolases in the homogenates of transplantable melanotic and amelanotic melanoma in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, Waterhouse). 68 81

Human neutrophils and dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt2cAMP)-differentiated HL-60 cells possess receptors for the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe), which mediate activation of phospholipase C, with subsequent increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and activation of specific cell functions. In many cell types, histamine, via H1 receptors, activates phospholipase C, but it is unknown whether neutrophilic cells possess functional H1 receptors. We compared the effects of histamine with those of fMet-Leu-Phe on activation of these cells. In Bt2cAMP-differentiated HL-60 cells, substances increased [Ca2+]i in the effectiveness order fMet-Leu-Phe greater than histamine greater than betahistine. Pertussis toxin diminished fMet-Leu-Phe-induced rises in [Ca2+]i to a greater extent than those induced by histamine. H1 but not H2 antagonists inhibited histamine- and betahistine-induced rises in [Ca2+]i. fMet-Leu-Phe and histamine activated phospholipase C and increased [Ca2+]i through release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and sustained influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space. The substances also induced Mn2+ influx. Ca2+ and Mn2+ influxes were inhibited by 1-(beta-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxyl]-4-methoxyphenethyl)-1H-imida zole hydrochloride (SK&F 96365). The stimulatory effects of histamine on [Ca2+]i were more sensitive to inhibition by 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate than were those of fMet-Leu-Phe. Unlike fMet-Leu-Phe, histamine did not activate superoxide anion formation, release of beta-glucuronidase, and tyrosine phosphorylation. In neutrophils, histamine and betahistine did not induce rises in [Ca2+]i. Our data show that (i) in Bt2cAMP-differentiated HL-60 cells, histamine increases [Ca2+]i via H1 receptors coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive and possibly, pertussis toxin-insensitive heterotrimeric regulatory guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, (ii) histamine activates nonselective cation channels, and (iii) unlike fMet-Leu-Phe, histamine is an incomplete secretagogue.
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PMID:Histamine increases cytosolic Ca2+ in dibutyryl-cAMP-differentiated HL-60 cells via H1 receptors and is an incomplete secretagogue. 138 Oct 43

Opioid binding in subcellular fractions from neurohybrid cells was assessed using two models of up-regulation. Homologous up-regulation was achieved by treating NG108-15 cells with the opioid antagonist naltrexone. Na butyrate was added to NCB-20 cell cultures to affect heterologous up-regulation. In both paradigms light and heavy membranes were resolved by concanavalin A (con A) pretreatment of cells followed by density centrifugation. [3H][D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE) and [3H]diprenorphine Bmax values for these fractions increased without changes in affinity. In contrast to 48 h of antagonist treatment, 5 min of exposure to naltrexone down-regulated heavy membrane delta sites. Under both conditions of up-regulation, inhibition of LM [3H]DADLE specific binding by 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate was enhanced suggesting greater receptor coupling to guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins. Although attenuated by addition of cycloheximide, [3H]DADLE binding to total homogenates increased upon naltrexone treatment of NG108-15 cells. Heavy membrane Bmax values were also augmented in the presence of cycloheximide and naltrexone for 48 h. Activities of beta-glucuronidase and beta-hexoseaminidase were diminished in total homogenates and subcellular fractions from naltrexone-treated cells, suggesting an opioid-induced alteration in lysosomal enzyme trafficking. Comparable receptor down- and up-regulation and attenuation of lysosomal enzyme activity were elicited by the delta-selective opioid peptide antagonist (allyl)2 Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-Leu-OH. These results suggest that homologous up-regulation entails initial down-regulation and blockade of receptor degradation.
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PMID:Up-regulation of delta opioid receptors in neuroblastoma hybrid cells: evidence for differences in the mechanisms of action of sodium butyrate and naltrexone. 165 25

Expression of the RNA replicase domain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and certain protein-coding regions in other plant viruses, is mediated by translational readthrough of a leaky UAG stop codon. It has been proposed that normal tobacco tyrosine tRNAs are able to read the UAG codon of TMV by non-conventional base-pairing but recent findings that stop codons can also be bypassed as a result of extended translocational shifts (tRNA hopping) have encouraged a re-examination. In light of the alternatives, we investigated the sequences flanking the leaky UAG codon using an in vivo assay in which bypass of the stop codon is coupled to the transient expression of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes in tobacco protoplasts. Analysis of GUS constructions in which codons flanking the stop were altered allowed definition of the minimal sequence required for read through as UAG-CAA-UUA. The effects of all possible single-base mutations in the codons flanking the stop indicated that 3' contexts of the form CAR-YYA confer leakiness and that the 3' context permits read through of UAA and UGA stop codons as well as UAG. Our studies demonstrate a major role for the 3' context in the read through process and do not support a model in which teh UAG is bypassed exclusively as a result of anticodon-codon interactions. No evidence for tRNA hopping was obtained. The 3' context apparently represents a unique sequence element that affects translation termination.
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PMID:The signal for a leaky UAG stop codon in several plant viruses includes the two downstream codons. 201 Sep 14

The lysosomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase and alpha-L-fucosidase and mannose-6-phosphate inhibited the phosphorylation of the lysosomal enzyme binding receptor protein prepared from monkey brain. Inhibition of both serine and tyrosine phosphorylation was observed. A non-lysosomal glycoprotein enzyme butyrylcholinesterase, mannose or glucose did not inhibit phosphorylation. Tyrosine phosphorylation of histone by the receptor protein was also inhibited by the lysosomal enzymes and mannose-6-phosphate.
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PMID:Inhibition by lysosomal enzymes and mannose-6-phosphate of the phosphorylation of the lysosomal enzyme binding receptor protein from monkey brain. 247 6

A spontaneous, hypomelanotic variant (MI) of the highly melanotic transplantable hamster melanoma of Bomirski (Ma) is the subject of this report. Tyrosinase activity is 2-3 times higher, but melanin content significantly lower than in the parental Ma melanotic melanoma. Acid phosphatase activity is similar in both, but beta-glucuronidase and aryl-sulfatase A are 2-3 times higher in the hypomelanotic variant. Transplanted MI melanomas grow more slowly than the parental tumor, but metastasize with similar incidence and localization. Hypomelanotic variant melanoma cells, even those in grossly nonnecrotic parts of the transplants, show signs of low viability like swelling of the cytoplasm or cellular condensation, and disintegration. Autophagic vacuoles are numerous. They appear to be formed by enclosure of a portion of cytoplasm by cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum or trans-Golgi network. These limiting cisternae contain tyrosinase as evidenced by deposition of electron dense reaction product on incubation with tyrosine or DOPA. Other sites of ultrastructural tyrosinase reaction are melanosomes and the smooth-surfaced cisternae and vesicles of the trans-Golgi network. We postulate the low cell viability, associated with autophagosome formation, is the cause for the growth retardation of the MI variant, and that the lower melanin content of these tyrosinase-rich cells is due to sequestration of a substantial portion of newly synthesized enzyme into autophagic vacuoles before it has the chance of being incorporated into melanosomes.
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PMID:Pathology and ultrastructural characteristics of a hypomelanotic variant of transplantable hamster melanoma with elevated tyrosinase activity. 311 4

A sensitive and specific RIA has been developed to measure thyronine (To) in urine. The RIA used an anti-To antibody obtained from a rabbit immunized with a L-To-human serum albumin conjugate and [3H]To as the radioligand. The acetic acid analog of To (ToAc), that is the diphenyl structure with an acetic acid side-chain, cross-reacted strongly with the antibody. Relative to To, it cross-reacted 160% in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, and 100% in 0.075 mol/L barbital buffer, pH 8.6, containing sodium salicylate (final concentration, 8 mg/mL). The latter conditions were employed for the RIA, and the results reported thus reflect the presence of To and/or ToAc. 3-Monoiodothyronine, 3'-monoiodothyronine, 3',5'-diiodothyronine, and 3,5-diiodothyronine cross-reacted with the anti-To antibody 1.9%, 1.7%, 0.3%, and 0.2%, respectively; the cross-reactivity of other To derivatives and tyrosine and its derivatives was less than 0.05%. Urinary To and/or ToAc excretion in 12 normal subjects averaged 16 +/- 2 (+/- SE) micrograms/day (59 +/- 9 nmol/day) or 14 +/- 2 micrograms/g creatinine (5.9 +/- 0.6 nmol/mmol creatinine). Treatment of urine from normal subjects with beta-glucuronidase or sulfatase did not significantly alter the To content. Column and thin layer chromatographic studies revealed that 83% and 61%, respectively (range, 37-100%), of urinary To immunoreactivity was attributable to ToAc. The mean daily excretion of To in 20 patients with nonthyroidal illness [NTI; 22 +/- 4 micrograms/day (82 +/- 17 nmol/day)] was similar to that in normal subjects, but was elevated when expressed as nanomoles per mmol creatinine (20 +/- 2; P less than 0.001), because creatinine excretion was reduced in the NTI patients. The mean daily urinary To excretion in 13 patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease was slightly elevated [29 +/- 6 micrograms/day (108 +/- 21 nmol/day); P less than 0.1], but was clearly elevated when expressed as nanomoles per mmol creatinine (37 +/- 8; P less than 0.001), again because creatinine excretion was reduced in these patients. The mean urinary To excretion was subnormal in 13 patients with hypothyroidism and was significantly (P less than 0.005) less than that in the NTI patients regardless of the manner in which the results were expressed. Analysis of pronase hydrolysates of thyroid glands obtained at autopsy from euthyroid patients suggested that the To content of the thyroid approximates only 1.2% that of T4, supporting the thesis that prior iodination of tyrosine is critical for the coupling process in the thyroid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:A radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyronine and its acetic acid analog in urine. 341 Sep 34

Four proteins, which have been designated A, B, C and D, have been purified from human parotid saliva. These proteins are the major constituents of parotid saliva which migrate rapidly to the anode in polyacrylamide electrophoresis at pH9.5. Gel filtration and polyacrylamide electrophoresis were employed in the purification procedures. After purification all four preparations were tested for homogeneity by electrophoresis at pH2.8 and 9.5, by isoelectric focusing in the pH range 3-10, by immunodiffusion, and by sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge. None of the proteins showed significant activity in assays for amylase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, protease, lysozyme, ribonuclease, peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, iron-binding activity and esterase. No cross-reactions were detected with antisera specific for lactoferrin and 15 serum proteins. All four proteins were rich in glutamic acid, proline and glycine and were lacking completely the sulphur-containing amino acids. Proteins A and C contained no threonine or tyrosine. Carbohydrate could be demonstrated only in protein A at a concentration of 4% of the total protein.
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PMID:Purification and partial characterization of four proteins from human parotid saliva. 500 93

We have developed a radioiodinated photoaffinity label, N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-125I-Tyr-Lys-N-6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino) hexanoate (where Nle represents norleucine) (125I-PAL), which forms a covalent complex with the formyl peptide chemotactic receptor of living human neutrophils. Labeling was 12 to 16% efficient and did not alter cell viability. The receptor on live neutrophils and neutrophil membranes has an apparent molecular weight of 50,000 to 70,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The receptor on intact cells possesses one predominant papain cleavage site, yielding a 35,000-Da fragment. This receptor fragment retains an affinity for N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-125I-Tyr-Lys indistinguishable from the receptor on control cells (KD = 1.9 and 1.8 nM, respectively). The 35,000-Da papain fragment was biologically active as evidenced by an unchanged dose-response curve for peptide-stimulated beta-glucuronidase release and fluorescent peptide uptake. Papain treatment of 125I-PAL-labeled neutrophil membranes or of digitonin-soluble 125I-PAL-labeled receptors produced a predominant 28,000-Da fragment without evidence of the 35,000-Da fragment seen with whole cells. Pronase, which did not cleave the receptor on intact cells, produced multiple receptor fragments when used to treat 125I-PAL-labeled membranes.
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PMID:Formyl peptide chemotactic receptor. Evidence for an active proteolytic fragment. 630 46


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