Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activities of the lysosomal acid hydrolases-cathespin D, acid phosphatase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and beta-glucuronidase-were measured in rat myometrium under the following hormonal conditions: during the estrus stage of the estrous cycle (NE); at 1,2, and 3 wk after ovariectomy; and in 3-wk postovariectomized females after hormone replacement therapy with 17 beta-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), or E2 + P. Activities per milligram protein and per milligram DNA of the enzymes were significantly decreased after ovariectomy and were restored to the NE level or above after injecting E2 or E2 + P. Lysosomal enzyme activities did not change with hormonal state in hypophysectomized rats, suggesting that other hormones are required for mediation of enzyme activity. Acid hydrolase activities in other tissues and nonlysosomal enzyme activites in the myometrium did not fluctuate with hormonal state. Studies of lysosomal membrane integrity suggested that one population of lysosomes richer in cathepsin D and acid phosphatase and another rich in beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase may be present in rat myometrium. Estrogen seemed to labilize the lysosomal membrane of at least the latter of the two proposed populations of myometrial lysosomes.
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PMID:Effect of ovarian hormones on lysosomal acid hydrolase activities in rat myometrium. 55 4

A 21-year old woman using an oral contraceptive, the combination preparation Trigynon containing levonorgestrel (LNG) and ethinyl estradiol (EE), since June 1987 had experienced pain in the groin. In September 1988 she had a single occurrence of bleeding, a sign of lessened effectiveness of the OC. She was treated with 50 mg of minocycline/day as of April 1989, and for inguinal acne conglobata with locally applied clindamycine (10 mg/ml of clindamycine hydrochloride lotion). She switched to another OC, and the next month timely, normal menstruation ensued. A few days later the dose of minocycline was raised to 100 mg/day. Subsequently she had a regular breakthrough bleeding followed by a missed cycle and a positive pregnancy test. There have been several recent reports about the interaction between antibiotics and OCs (breakthrough bleeding and contraceptive failure). Rifampicin and griseofulvin are known to reduce the activity of OCs via induction of liver enzymes. Between 1968-84 there was a total of 62 failures of OCs (15 using OCs with 50 mcg of EE) reported in the UK. The suspected cause was the combined use with antibiotics (70% penicillin and tetracycline). In the Netherlands 6 cases of possible interactions were reported during 1980-86: 2 cases caused by nitrofurantoin and/or trimethoprim, and 1 case by sulfamethoxazol with trimethoprim. The interference of minocycline with the intestinal flora can occur as 34% of it is excreted in feces, and its antibacterial spectrum corresponds to that of tetracycline hydrochloride (reduction of beta-glucuronidase in the feces). The failure of Trigynon cannot be irrefutable ascribed to minocycline as unintended pregnancy also occurs while using OCs without antibiotics. Clindamycine could have also influenced the intestinal flora percutaneously.
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PMID:[Inefficacy of oral contraception during use of minocycline]. 214 63

A simple and rapid radioimmunoassay (RIA) without extraction or purification was developed for Total Estrogen (conjugated and unconjugated estrogen) in urine from normal men and nonpregnant women. Antiserum used to RIA was produced by immunizing rabbits with estriol-16 alpha-glucuronide (E3-16-G)-BSA conjugates. Antiserum to E3-16-G.BSA significantly cross-reacted with E1 (100%), E2 (100%), E3 (100%), E3-16-G (100%), AND E3-17-G (100%) and did not react with other conjugated estrogen in urine. Urinary estrogen glucuronides and sulfates were gently hydrolyzed by beta-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia juice for 2hr (48 degrees C) without inhibition, and hydrolysis urine was directly applied to RIA. The results obtained from this direct method correlated well with the chromatographic purificating method, the extracting method and the Brawn-Kambegawa method (colorimetric method). This direct method is very useful for clinical application.
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PMID:[A simple method for radioimmunoassay of total estrogen in urine]. 629 12

Estrogen metabolism was studied in a newly established cell line (RL95-2) derived from a human endometrial carcinoma. Estradiol and estrone were metabolized to water-soluble derivatives by cells under in vitro culture conditions. Between 80-90% of the added steroids were metabolized, with nearly quantitative recovery of the products from the incubation medium. Arylsulfatase treatment converted the metabolites to ether-soluble forms, whereas beta-glucuronidase had no effect on the aqueous solubility of these compounds. Butanol extracts of the water-soluble estradiol metabolites cochromatographed on high performance liquid chromatography with 17 beta-estradiol-3-sulfate (93.6%) or estrone-3-sulfate (3.5%). No more than 6% of the estradiol added to the incubation medium was recovered in the form of estrone, either as estrone or estrone sulfate. After arylsulfatase treatment of the estradiol conjugates, 92% of the ether-soluble radioactivity cochromatographed with estradiol, and 3.8% cochromatographed with estrone. Estrogen-sulfurylating activity was localized in the cytosol of subcellular fractions of RL95-2 cells. The sulfoconjugation of estrogens by RL95-2 cells may prove useful as a model for the investigation of estrogen metabolism in endometrial carcinoma cells.
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PMID:Estrogen sulfoconjugation by human endometrial cancer cells (RL95-2) in culture. 669 41

Although the cellular mechanisms controlling bile flow and biliary lipid secretion are unclear, morphologic data suggest that intracellular vesicles may be involved. Therefore, to investigate the role of hepatocyte lysosomes in bile flow and biliary lipid secretion, we studied the effect of cholestasis on biliary lipid output and on lysosomal enzyme activities and total protein concentration in liver and bile. Castrated male rats were treated with ethinyl estradiol at 0.5 or 5 mg/kg per day for 5 days; bile was collected through a complete bile fistula hourly for 4 hours, and then liver homogenates were prepared. Bile acids, cholesterol, and phospholipid were measured in bile, and three lysosomal glycosidases (beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase) and total protein were measured in bile and liver. Ethinyl estradiol inhibited bile flow in a dose-dependent fashion; it also inhibited bile acid and phospholipid outputs. In contrast, a marked and parallel increase in the biliary outputs of all three lysosomal hydrolases was observed after high-dose ethinyl estradiol; no change in the biliary concentration of total protein was found. Our data suggest that bile flow and biliary lipid secretion involve cellular mechanisms other than vesicular transport by lysosomes.
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PMID:Dissociation of bile flow and biliary lipid secretion from biliary lysosomal enzyme output in experimental cholestasis. 678 57

Although estrogens are excreted as biologically inactive conjugates, they can be reconverted to an active form, possibly by bacteria. A simple method was developed to deconjugate estrogen metabolites present in human urine and fish bile back to active estrogens by enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase or live Escherichia coli cells. Deconjugated extracts were tested for estrogenic activity in the in vitro stable estrogen receptor-mediated chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (ER-CALUX) assay. Estrogen glucuronides in urine obtained from human males and females were effectively converted to active forms after incubation with beta-glucuronidase or E. coli. The highest estrogenic activity was found in deconjugated metabolites from urine of a pregnant woman, in which levels up to 3,000 nmol estradiol equivalents per liter of urine were found after overnight incubation of urine with E. coli. Bile sampled from male bream and flounder from various freshwater and marine locations was also deconjugated and a good correlation was found between high biliary estrogenic activity and elevated levels of xenoestrogenic activity in surface water as well as in plasma vitellogenin. Therefore, the measurement of deconjugated bile could form a useful (indirect) biomarker for internal dose of xenoestrogens in male fish.
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PMID:Biological measurement of estrogenic activity in urine and bile conjugates with the in vitro ER-CALUX reporter gene assay. 1187 59

The aim of this study was to investigate the fate of the conjugated forms of the three most common natural estrogens in the municipal aqueous environment. Levels of conjugated and free estrogens in (1) female urine; (2) a septic tank collecting domestic wastewater; (3) influents and effluents of six activated sludge sewage treatment plants (STPs) were measured. The analytical method was based on solid-phase extraction by using a Carbograph 4 cartridge and Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry. On average, a group of 73 women selected to represent a typical cross section of the female inhabitants of a Roman condominium, excreted 106, 14 and 32 microg/day of conjugated estriol (E(3)), estradiol (E(2)) and estrone (E(1)), respectively. Apart from some E(3) in pregnancy urine, free estrogens were never detected in urine samples. Estrogen sulfates represented 21% of the total conjugated estrogens. This situation changed markedly in the condominium collecting tank. Here, significant amounts of free estrogens were observed and the estrogen sulfate to estrogen glucuronated ratio rose to 55/45. A laboratory biodegradation test confirmed that glucuronated estrogens are readily deconjugated in unmodified domestic wastewater, presumably due to the large amounts of the beta-glucuronidase enzyme produced by fecal bacteria (Escherichia coli). Deconjugation continued in sewer transit. At the STP entrance, free estrogens and sulfated estrogens were the dominant species. The sewage treatment completely removed residues of estrogen glucuronates and with good efficiency (84-97%) the other analytes, but not E(1) (61%) and estrone-3-sulfate (E(1)-3S) (64%). Considering that (1) E(1) has half the estrogenic potency of E(2), (2) the amount of the former species discharged from STPs into the receiving water was more than ten times larger than the latter one and (3) a certain fraction of E(1)-3S could be converted to E(1) in the aquatic environment, E(1) appears to be the most important natural endocrine disrupter.
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PMID:Fate of natural estrogen conjugates in municipal sewage transport and treatment facilities. 1252 9

This study examined the effects of estrogen supplementation on markers of neutrophil infiltration and damage in skeletal muscle of rats following ischemia. Male and female gonad-intact rats, with or without 14 days of estrogen supplementation were subjected to two hours of hind-limb ischemia and sacrificed at 24, 48 or 72 hours post-ischemia. Control animals were sacrificed without ischemia. Plantaris and red and white gastrocneimus muscles were removed and assayed for myeloperoxidase (MPO), a marker of neutrophil infiltration, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and beta-glucuronidase (betaGLU), as markers of muscle damage. Significant elevations of MPO, G6PD and betaGLU activities were observed at various time points post-ischemia. No systematic differences between genders were noted in any of the measures. Estrogen supplementation in both male and female animals failed to significantly attenuate post-ischemia increases in MPO, G6PD and betaGLU activities in any of the muscles studied and in some cases accentuated activities of some of these measures. Unlike previous findings following exercise in skeletal muscle, this study failed to demonstrate estrogen-induced attenuation of indices of neutrophil infiltration or damage in skeletal muscles of rats up to 72 hours following ischemia. This demonstrates that estrogen may not consistently attenuate neutrophil infiltration and that a number of variables including damage modality, tissue or estrogen level may influence this.
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PMID:Estrogen supplementation failed to attenuate biochemical indices of neutrophil infiltration or damage in rat skeletal muscles following ischemia. 1623

Numerous physiological processes are regulated by endocrine systems in animals. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can affect physiological processes of organisms by binding to hormone receptors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods for detecting EDCs and removing them from the environment. We have developed a simple and low-cost reporter gene assay system for the comprehensive analysis of estrogenic activity using transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. This transgenic plant constantly expresses two effector proteins: a chimeric estrogen receptor and a chimeric nuclear receptor coactivator. Estrogen-dependent interaction between the two effector proteins triggers transcriptional activation of reporter gene, beta-glucuronidase. We have demonstrated this transgenic plant's capability of detecting the existence of 17beta-estradiol at a concentration of 50 pM (13 pg/ml) in agar medium. This plant can also detect other estrogenic substances, such as diethylstilbestrol, p-n-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, and Genistein.
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PMID:A simple and extremely sensitive system for detecting estrogenic activity using transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. 1640 77

As women enter menopause, the concentration of estrogen and other female hormones declines. This hormonal decrease has been associated with a number of negative outcomes, including a greater incidence of injury as well as a delay in recovery from these injuries. Over the past two decades, our understanding of the protective effects of estrogen against various types of injury and disease states has grown immensely. In skeletal muscle, studies with animals have demonstrated that sex and estrogen may potentially influence muscle contractile properties and attenuate indices of post-exercise muscle damage, including the release of creatine kinase into the bloodstream and activity of the intramuscular lysosomal acid hydrolase, beta-glucuronidase. Furthermore, numerous studies have revealed an estrogen-mediated attenuation of infiltration of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages into the skeletal muscles of rats following exercise or injury. Estrogen has also been shown to play a significant role in stimulating muscle repair and regenerative processes, including the activation and proliferation of satellite cells. Although the mechanisms by which estrogen exerts its influence upon indices of skeletal muscle damage, inflammation and repair have not been fully elucidated, it is thought that estrogen may potentially exert its protective effects by: (i) acting as an antioxidant, thus limiting oxidative damage; (ii) acting as a membrane stabilizer by intercalating within membrane phospholipids; and (iii) binding to estrogen receptors, thus governing the regulation of a number of downstream genes and molecular targets. In contrast to animal studies, studies with humans have not as clearly delineated an effect of estrogen on muscle contractile function or on indices of post-exercise muscle damage and inflammation. These inconsistencies have been attributed to a number of factors, including age and fitness level of subjects, the type and intensity of exercise protocols, and a focus on sex differences that typically involve factors and hormones in addition to estrogen. In recent years, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or estrogen combined with exercise have been proposed as potentially therapeutic agents for postmenopausal women, as these agents may potentially limit muscle damage and inflammation and stimulate repair in this population. While the benefits and potential health risks of long-term HRT use have been widely debated, controlled studies using short-term HRT or other estrogen agonists may provide future new and valuable insights into understanding the effects of estrogen on skeletal muscle, and greatly benefit the aging female population. Recent studies with older females have begun to demonstrate their benefits.
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PMID:The influence of estrogen on skeletal muscle: sex matters. 2002 Jul 86


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