Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cytochemical methods for the demonstration of enzyme activities in blood and bone marrow cells were systematically improved by the addition of an inert polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), to the incubation medium and by using optimized reaction media. The methods investigated were tetrazolium salt methods for lactate, glucose-6-phosphate, succinate and glutamate dehydrogenase, the indoxyl-tetrazolium salt method for alkaline phosphatase, the diaminobenzidine method for peroxidase, and diazonium salt methods for chloroacetate esterase, beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, and dipeptidylpeptidase II and IV. PVA in the media preserved the morphology of cells very well and prevented leakage of large molecules such as enzymes from the cells. Therefore, fixation or long periods of air-drying prior to incubation leading to substantial loss of enzyme activity could be avoided. A brief period of drying (2 min at 37 degrees C) of the cell preparations just before the incubation was sufficient for making the cells permeable. Localization of enzyme activities was very precise and precipitation of the final reaction product was confined to sites which are known to contain the enzyme under study (granules, mitochondria, lysosomes). These advantages advocate the use of PVA in haematological enzyme cytochemistry and especially for diagnosis of leukemia.
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PMID:Enzyme cytochemistry of unfixed leukocytes and bone marrow cells using polyvinyl alcohol for the diagnosis of leukemia. 280 89

Epidemiological studies of asbestos workers have proposed a linear dose-response relationship between asbestos cumulative exposure indices and the incidence of asbestos-related lung diseases. However, for chrysotile, several studies have not observed such a linear relationship in low exposure workers. To further study the relationship of chrysotile exposure dose - lung tissue response, we designed in the sheep model one experiment of one exposure at variable intensity and one experiment with variable rates of individual exposures. In the first study, 6 groups of 6 sheep were exposed to either 0, 1, 10, 25, 50 or 100 mg chrysotile in 100 ml saline and lung lavage analyses carried out at day 0, 12, 24, 40 and 60 after. Histopathology was done at day 60. In the second experiment, 4 groups of 12 sheep were exposed to 100 ml saline every week or every two weeks, 100 mg chrysotile in 100 ml saline every week or every two weeks. In the second experiment, lung damage was assessed by changes in vital capacity (VC), lung compliance (Cst) and profusion of chest radiographic opacities (PO). On BAL in the control sheep, there were small and transient early increases in total cells/ml, macrophages/ml, neutrophils/ml, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)/ml, alkaline phosphatase (AK)/ml, beta-glucuronidase (beta G)/ml and procollagen lll/ml. In the 1, 10, 25, and 50 mg asbestos sheep groups, there were no significant differences. However, in the 100 mg asbestos sheep, there were significant sustained increases in total cells/ml (3-6 times controls), macrophages/ml (2-6 times controls), neutrophils/ml (60-600 times controls), LDH/ml (5-10 times controls), AK/ml (1.5-2 times controls), beta G/ml (3-5 times controls), procollagen lll/ml (2 times controls) and IgG (1.5-3 times controls). These data were correlated with histopathological findings. In the sheep exposed weekly to chrysotile, significant changes in VC, Cst and PO occurred at mean cumulative exposure dose of 1.2 g whereas in the sheep exposed every 2 weeks, similar changes in VC, Cst and PO occurred at the cumulative exposure dose of 3.6 g (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that there is a threshold for chrysotile-induced fibrosis. This level cannot be considered adequately in term of cumulative exposure dose but must take into account intensity and rate of individual exposures.
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PMID:Asbestos exposure dose-bronchoalveolar milieu response in asbestos workers and the sheep model: evidences of a threshold for chrysotile-induced fibrosis. 282 68

To determine whether the mononuclear cells (MC) and multinucleated giant cells (GC) of giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTTS) exhibit evidence of monocyte/macrophage lineage, we studied their antigenic features (seven cases, paraffin sections; two cases, frozen sections) and enzymatic features in situ (four cases, plastic sections). Both MC and GC expressed a monocyte/macrophage phenotype: HLA-A,B,C+, HLA-DR+, T200+ (leukocyte common antigen), Leu-M3+ and Leu-3+. MC and GC also expressed similar enzymatic phenotypes which resembled that of osteoclasts. Both were rich in acid phosphatase and contained smaller, variable amounts of ATPase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and 5'-nucleotidase. Both lacked alkaline phosphatase. Reactive osteoclasts in plastic and paraffin sections were also T200+, a finding strongly supporting their bone marrow derivation and leukocytic differentiation. In plastic sections, osteoclasts were additionally reactive with macrophage antigen EBM11. In aggregate, these data suggest that GCTTS is a true histiocytic lesion of monocyte/macrophage lineage composed of phenotypically similar MC and GC that most closely resemble osteoclasts. We found no evidence that GCTTS cells resemble osteoblasts, fibroblasts, or synovial sarcoma cells. Furthermore, expression of the Ki-67 nuclear antigen by 1-2% of MC but not by GC suggests that the proliferating cells in GCTTS are restricted to its MC component.
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PMID:The cells of giant cell tumor of tendon sheath resemble osteoclasts. 283 1

Neutrophil level in blood (1 l) and those of certain enzymes in neutrophils were measured in 36 patients with stomach tumors and 40 healthy controls. The range of the enzymes included myeloperoxidase (MPO), beta-glucuronidase (GR), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase (AlP), lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and dehydrogenase-glucoso-6-phosphoric acid (DG-6-P). Glycogen and lipids were also assayed. The MPO and AcP levels of neutrophils in cancer patients were found to be significantly higher than in healthy controls, whereas the levels of the other enzymes were not. The glycogen and lipid concentrations in neutrophils in cancer patients were significantly lower than in healthy controls.
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PMID:[Histochemical characteristics of neutrophils of the peripheral blood in patients with cancer of the stomach]. 283 37

The enzyme activity of cancerous tissue and the adjacent normal epithelium of 40 patients with breast cancer was determined. This enzymatic activity was correlated with the responsiveness of those tumors to the chemotherapy. It was found that the presence of cytochrome oxidase and alkaline phosphatase and the absence of leucine aminopeptidase, beta-glucuronidase and dehydrogenases in cancerous tissues was related to good response. On the contrary, the absence of alkaline phosphatase and cytochrome oxidase and the presence of leucine aminopeptidase, beta-glucuronidase and dehydrogenases in the cancerous tissues was related to poor response and therefore to poor survival.
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PMID:Correlation of histoenzymological studies with the response to chemotherapy and survival in breast cancer patients. 284 63

Enzymes considered to be markers for neurons (angiotensin converting enzyme, thermolysin-like metalloendopeptidase, alanine aminopeptidase, and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase), glia (glutamine synthetase, pyruvate carboxylase, and beta-glucuronidase), and endothelial cells (alkaline phosphatase and plasminogen activator) were measured in caudate nucleus from 10 sudden death controls, eight agonal state controls, and 16 Huntington's disease patients. Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase was slightly reduced by agonal state. The four enzymes with a neuronal distribution were all correlatively reduced in Huntington's disease caudate nucleus. Glutamine synthetase activity was reduced and beta-glucuronidase mean activity increased over twofold in Huntington's disease caudate nucleus, with the two enzyme activities being inversely related. Pyruvate carboxylase was markedly affected by agonal state and was very variable in Huntington's disease caudate nucleus. The two endothelial enzymes were unaltered in Huntington's disease caudate nucleus. The findings are indicative of neuronal loss, an increased proportion of altered glia, and also of maintained vasculature in Huntington's disease caudate nucleus. Measurement of enzyme activities can help to delineate the types of cell altered in Huntington's disease.
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PMID:Changes in nine enzyme markers for neurons, glia, and endothelial cells in agonal state and Huntington's disease caudate nucleus. 287 90

A series of human multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) of the endocytotic type were studied using enzyme histochemical methods for dehydrogenases, glycosidases, phosphatases, and peptidases. Several enzyme patterns were found. The subgroup of MGCs associated with inflammatory granulomatous processes (sarcoidosis, granulomatous myositis, familial granulomatosis, lymphogranuloma, granulomatous cholangitis) was characterized by high activities of nonspecific esterase (NE) and tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase (AcPase-Ts). There was no detectable activity of peptidases or tartrate-resistant isoenzyme of acid phosphatase (AcPase-Tr). This enzyme equipment was indistinguishable from that in mononuclear precursors in the granulomas. The other MGCs of the series displayed enzyme patterns substantially different from their monocytic precursors (blood monocytes and Langerhans cells). The subgroup of foreign body associated MGCs (resorption of fat, keratin, and suture material) was characterized by high activities of NE, AcPase-Tr, and greatly variable activities of both peptidases studied. The latter lacked predilection for certain subcellular regions. The subgroup of osteoclasts and so-called giant cell tumours (osteoclastoma, giant cell tumour of soft parts, giant cell epulis of peripheral, and central types) displayed very low activity of NE, high activity of AcPase-Tr, and strong activities of peptidases. The latter were localized near the surface membrane of the polykarya. MGCs in histiocytosis X (HX) differed from the previous group by higher values of NE in average. All MGC types had common denominator in the absence of alkaline phosphatase activity, on average intense dehydrogenase activities, mostly low beta-glucuronidase and highly variable alpha-mannosidase activities. The enzyme pattern heterogeneity is discussed with regard to the phenomenon of enzyme induction and depression occurring in course of polykaryon production. The variability of phenomenon may reflect reactive adaptation to varying functional demands imposed on MGCs under different conditions.
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PMID:Enzyme patterns in human endocytotic multinucleate giant cells--a histochemical study. 287 82

We studied the significance of urinary enzyme measurements in diagnosing proximal tubular damage in cirrhosis of the liver. Urinary excretion (u-enzyme) and fractional urinary excretion (FEenzyme) of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and beta-glucuronidase (B-GLU) were quantified in 14 control subjects (group I), 12 cirrhotics with functional renal failure (group II), 13 cirrhotics with renal tubular damage (group III) and 7 non-liver patients with renal tubular damage (group IV). Urinary enzyme excretion and fractional enzyme excretion were significantly higher in the cirrhotics of group III than in the controls or group II. In group III, these tests usually reached values within the range of group IV. The sensitivity of urinary enzyme excretion was 0.92 and specificity ranged from 0.75 (u-LAP) to 1 (u-GGT; u-B-GLU). The sensitivity of fractional enzyme excretion was between 0.61 (FEB-GLU) and 0.84 (FEGGT; FELAP), while specificity was from 0.91 (FELAP; FEAP) to 1 (FEGGT; FEB-GLU). The results indicate that measurement of urinary enzymes may be very useful in diagnosing renal tubular damage in cirrhotic patients with impaired renal function.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of enzymes in cirrhotics with renal failure. 287 95

Twelve serum analytes [triglycerides, cholesterol, total and conjugated bilirubin, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), beta-glucuronidase (beta-glu), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), and 5'-nucleotidase (5'nuc)] were measured to investigate their correlation with exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT). The relationship between serum lipids, lipophilic toxicants, and the analytes was also evaluated. The beta-glu, 5'nuc, triglycerides, cholesterol, and total bilirubin correlated positively and significantly with log concentrations of serum total PCBs and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), a metabolite of DDT. The more highly chlorinated PCBs (Aroclor 1260) had significant, positive correlations with several serum analytes, but the less chlorinated PCBs (Aroclor 1242) correlated significantly and negatively only with HDL-cholesterol. Triglyceride- and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins were added to serum to determine the effects of lipids on these assays. Several were spuriously elevated. AP and beta-glu were not affected by lipoprotein addition with the methods used in this study. AAP was increased significantly only at triglyceride concentrations exceeding 400 mg/dl. Lipoproteins may be elevated because of deranged lipid metabolism in response to PCBs, or PCBs may be elevated because elevated lipoproteins are present, as in familial triglyceridemia, a relatively common dyslipoproteinemia. Because this relationship is not well understood with respect to cause and effect, we propose the further use in epidemiological investigations of assay methods that are little affected by blood lipids yet are correlated with PCB concentrations. Congener-specific quantification of PCBs would help elucidate the effects of PCBs on assays used to monitor health effects.
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PMID:Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and lipemia on serum analytes. 302 64

Aluminum (Al) accumulation in bone is associated with low bone formation and mineralization rates; resorption may also be reduced. The mechanism of these Al-induced changes was investigated using cultured mouse osteoblast-like (OB) and osteoclast-like (OC) cells. The Al effect on bone resorption was measured by the in vitro release of 45Ca and beta-glucuronidase from mouse fetal limb-bones. Al had a biphasic effect. High concentrations (greater than 1.5 X 10(-6) M) of Al inhibited collagen and DNA synthesis, ornithine decarboxylase and alkaline phosphatase activity in OB, and depressed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in OC. Lower Al concentrations stimulated these cellular activities and 45Ca and beta-glucuronidase release from fetal bones. Al had no effect on basal cAMP levels in OB but inhibited the stimulating effect of bPTH on cAMP content. Al also altered the 1,25(OH)2D3 effects on the ornithine decarboxylase activity of OB cells. These data suggest that: (i) the low bone formation observed in vivo during Al intoxication may be due to the inhibition of collagen synthesis and to depressed cell proliferation; and (ii) Al may indirectly influence bone remodeling by interfering with the actions of bPTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone cells.
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PMID:Aluminum action on mouse bone cell metabolism and response to PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3. 303 86


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