Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We exposed rats once by nose only for 50 min to a mean concentration of 800 micrograms/m3 of beryllium metal (initial lung burden, 625 micrograms) to characterize the acute toxic effects within the lung. Histological changes within the lung and enzyme changes within bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were evaluated at 3, 7, 10, 14, 31, 59, 115, and 171 days postexposure (dpe). Beryllium metal-exposed rats developed acute, necrotizing, hemorrhagic, exudative pneumonitis and intraalveolar fibrosis that peaked at 14 dpe. By 31 dpe, inflammatory lesions were replaced by minimal interstitial and intraalveolar fibrosis. Necrotizing inflammation was observed again at 59 dpe which progressed to chronic-active inflammation by 115 dpe. This inflammation worsened progressively, as did alveolar macrophage and epithelial hyperplasia, becoming severe at 171 dpe. Low numbers of diffusely distributed lymphocytes were also present but they were not associated with granulomas as is observed in beryllium-induced disease in man. Throughout the experiment, total numbers of cells were elevated within the BAL samples due primarily to increased numbers of neutrophils. Lymphocytes were not elevated in BAL samples collected from beryllium-exposed rats at any time after exposure. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), beta-glucuronidase, and protein levels were elevated in BAL fluid from 3 through 14 dpe but returned to near normal levels by 31 dpe. LDH increased once again at 59 dpe and remained elevated at 171 dpe. beta-Glucuronidase and protein levels were slightly, but not significantly, elevated from 31 through 171 dpe. Results indicate that inhalation of beryllium metal by rats results in severe, acute chemical pneumonitis that is followed by a quiescent period of minimal inflammation and mild fibrosis. Progressive, chronic-active, fibrosing pneumonitis is observed later. Chronic beryllium lung disease of man is an immunologically mediated granulomatous lung disease, whereas beryllium-induced lung lesions in rats appear to be due to direct chemical toxicity and foreign-body-type reactions.
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PMID:The acute toxicity of inhaled beryllium metal in rats. 208 18

Synovial fluid from 16 normal subjects was compared with that from 149 patients with a variety of rheumatic disorders. Normal fluid had fewer cells and a lower content of beta-glucuronidase than osteoarthritic samples. Particles, including occasional birefringent crystals, were seen in normal fluids as well as pathological samples. Alizarin red staining particles (presumed to contain apatite) were seen in all diagnostic groups; their numbers showed some correlation with radiological calcification in and around the joints and with a hypertrophic subchondral bone response. Lactate levels were highest in septic arthritis. No assay showed disease specificity.
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PMID:A comparison of normal and pathological synovial fluid. 257 3

1. Rabbit neutrophils were permeabilized by treatment with Sendai virus. This was monitored by fluorescence measurement of the formation of the adduct of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with ethidium bromide. 2. On addition of Ca2+, buffered (with EGTA) in the micromolar concentration range to the permeabilized cells, secretion of beta-glucuronidase (marker of azurophilic granules) and lysozyme (marker of specific granules) occurs. Lactate dehydrogenase (cytosol marker) is retained. Half-maximal secretion of beta-glucuronidase occurs at approximately pCa 6.3; lysozyme secretion occurs at approximately pCa 6.6. 3. Secretion is dependent on the provision of nucleoside triphosphates to the permeabilized cells. There is an absolute requirement for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) for the secretion of lysozyme, but beta-glucuronidase secretion can be partly supported by other nucleoside triphosphates in the order guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) greater than uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) = xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) greater than cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP). 4. Secretion from both granules is complete within 10 min of adding Ca2+ to the permeabilized cells. There is a delay before commencement of beta-glucuronidase secretion of approximately half a minute; the secretion of lysozyme has no measurable delay.
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PMID:Differential control of azurophilic and specific granule exocytosis in Sendai-virus-permeabilized rabbit neutrophils. 282 Dec 33

1. Japanese quail eggs were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 and a specific absorption rate of 4.03 mW/g during the first 12 days of embryogeny. 2. After hatching, serum biochemical changes in response to hemorrhagic stress were measured following a hemorrhage of 30% of the calculated total blood volume. 3. Lactate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, glucose and protein were not affected by microwave irradiation during embryogeny either before or after hemorrhage. 4. Microwave irradiation in ovo affected the response of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity to hemorrhagic stress in Japanese quail.
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PMID:Serum enzymes in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation during embryogeny. 289 71

The livers of 26 adult male and female trout were studied histochemically. G6Pase activity was always found to be heterotopically distributed with a constant maximum in the periportal area. In many cases the glycogen content and the activity of phosphorylase predominated in the periportal zone as well. Maximum activity of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, however, could be demonstrated preferentially in the perivenous area. Lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were found equally in all liver cells. 3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase was absent. Thus, the principles of metabolic zonation have been established in trout liver, the architecture of which differs essentially from that of mammals. The course of the terminal afferent and efferent vessels is the decisive factor for the heterotopic localization of functional units rather than the tubular or plate-forming arrangement of the hepatocytes.
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PMID:Histochemical studies on metabolic zonation of the liver in the trout (Salmo gairdneri). 299 84

The clinical efficacy of four laboratory tests in detecting leptomeningeal metastases in 57 patients with breast carcinoma was assessed. The sensitivity and specificity of beta-glucuronidase, beta 2-microglobulin, carcinoembryonic antigen and lactate dehydrogenase in cerebrospinal fluid were determined. As a single test beta-glucuronidase was the most sensitive (93%) and specific (93%) for discriminating between leptomeningeal metastases and other CNS metastases from breast cancer. Lactate dehydrogenase was the next most useful marker. Both beta 2-microglobulin and carcinoembryonic antigen had a sensitivity of 60%. More specific results were achieved by combining beta-glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase. CSF beta-glucuronidase may be useful by itself and in combination with lactate dehydrogenase in the detection of leptomeningeal metastases from breast carcinoma.
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PMID:Sensitivity and specificity of single and combined tumour markers in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis from breast cancer. 972 63

Synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) microcrystals are phagocytosed by rabbit articular-cartilage chondrocytes in primary culture. The ingestion of crystals greatly stimulated the release of collagenase, neutral protease, and prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha into the ambient medium. Lactate dehydrogenase was not released by either crystal despite electron microscopic evidence of cell damage by HA crystals (partial loss of phagolysosomal membrane and increased myelin figures). HA, but not CPPD crystals, stimulated release of beta-glucuronidase. HA crystal concentrations from 50 to 200 micrograms ml-1 induced a dose-dependent release of collagenase and of extracellular protein. Both phagocytosis and collagenase release were greatly attenuated when HA crystals were added to the chondrocyte monolayers in the absence of serum. As HA and CPPD crystals have been identified in human articular cartilage in association with degenerative changes, it is possible that the cell-crystal interaction described here may be pathogenetically important.
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PMID:Phagocytosis of hydroxyapatite or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals by rabbit articular chondrocytes stimulates release of collagenase, neutral protease, and prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha. 630 68

Repeated inhalation of nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) by F344/N rats for 3 months results in chronic active inflammation in the lung and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium. The primary purpose of this study was to determine early responses of the respiratory tract to inhaled Ni3S2 in rats and to track the course of development of such lesions in rats exposed for up to 22 days. A secondary purpose was to obtain an improved estimate of the half-time for clearance of Ni from Ni3S2-exposed lungs. Groups of F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.6 or 2.5 mg Ni3S2/m3, 6 h/day for 1-22 days. Histopathological changes in nose and lung, as well as biochemical and cytological changes in lung, as measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue, alveolar macrophage (AM) viability and Ni concentration in lung were evaluated. Inflammatory lung lesions in rats exposed to 2.5 mg Ni3S2/m3 peaked in intensity after 4 days of exposure. Minimal degeneration of the olfactory epithelium was noted in the 2.5 mg Ni3S2/m3-exposed rats after day 4 of exposure, with atrophy of the olfactory epithelium occurring in rats killed at 22 days. Lactate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase and total protein in BALF were significantly elevated within 7 days of exposure while alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly depressed. AM viability was significantly reduced after 2 days of exposure. Concentrations of Ni in lung increased rapidly during the first 7 days of exposure, but more slowly thereafter. Lung burden data from this and a previous study suggest a clearance half-time for Ni of 3.5-8 days. Results indicate that Ni3S2 is relatively soluble in lung and inhalation of concentrations near the current Threshold Limit Value of 1 mg Ni/m3 can produce detrimental changes in the respiratory tract of rats after only a few days of exposure.
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PMID:Pulmonary toxicity of nickel subsulfide in F344/N rats exposed for 1-22 days. 852 92

Cancer is a serious global public health problem. Cancer incidence and mortality have been steadily rising throughout the past century in most places of the world. There are several epidemiological evidences that support a protective role of probiotics against cancer. Lactic acid bacteria and their probioactive cellular substances exert many beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tract, and also release various enzymes into the intestinal lumen and exert potential synergistic (LAB) effects on digestion and alleviate symptoms of intestinal malabsorption. Consumption of fermented dairy products with LAB may elicit anti-tumor effects. These effects are attributed to the inhibition of mutagenic activity, the decrease in several enzymes implicated in the generation of carcinogens, mutagens, or tumor-promoting agents, suppression of tumors, and epidemiology correlating dietary regimes and cancer. Specific cellular components in lactic acid bacteria seem to induce strong adjuvant effects including modulation of cell-mediated immune responses, activation of the reticulo-endothelial system, augmentation of cytokine pathways, and regulation of interleukins and tumor necrosis factors. Studies on the effect of probiotic consumption on cancer appear promising, since recent in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that probiotic bacteria might reduce the risk, incidence and number of tumors of the colon, liver and bladder. The protective effect against cancer development may be ascribed to binding of mutagens by intestinal bacteria, may suppress the growth of bacteria that convert procarcinogens into carcinogens, thereby reducing the amount of carcinogens in the intestine, reduction of the enzymes beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase and deconjugation of bile acids, or merely by enhancing the immune system of the host. There are isolated reports citing that administration of LAB results in increased activity of anti-oxidative enzymes or by modulating circulatory oxidative stress that protects cells against carcinogen-induced damage. These include glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. However, there is no direct experimental evidence for cancer suppression in human subjects as a result of the consumption of probiotic cultures in fermented or unfermented dairy products, but there is a wealth of indirect evidence based largely on laboratory studies.
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PMID:Cancer-preventing attributes of probiotics: an update. 2018 14