Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Postnuclear supernates from homogenates of skeletal muscle from rats subjected to starvation, injections of Triton WR-1339, dextran-500, and dextran + corticosterone were fractionated by means of rate and isopycnic zonal centrifugation in sucrose-0.02 M KCl gradients. Zonal fractions were analyzed for protein, RNA, cytochrome oxidase, and up to six acid hydrolases. The results indicate the presence of two groups of lysosome-like particles. One group contributes approximately 95% of the cathepsin D and acid phosphatase activity and 75% of the acid ribonuclease, beta-glucuronidase, and arylsulfatase activity in muscle. It is characterized by a modal equilibrium density of 1.18 that is decreased by starvation, but is not shifted by dextran-500 or Triton WR-1339. The second group has a higher proportion of acid ribonuclease, beta-glucuronidase, and arylsulftase; the equilibrium density can be shifted by dextran-500 and Triton WR-1339. It is suggested that this group of lysosomes is derived from macrophages and other connective tissue cells, whereas the former group represents lysosome-like particles from muscle cells.
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PMID:Lysosomes in skeletal muscle tissue. Zonal centrifugation evidence for multiple cellular sources. 432 73

A combination of differential centrifugation and carrier-free continuous electrophoresis is introduced as a new method for the isolation of animal cell organelles. Various buffers were systematically checked in order to find the system which preserves the organelles and gives as well a good separation in the free-flow electrophoresis apparatus. Triethanolamine-acetate buffer (10 mM), pH 7.4 was used. The isolated lysosomes were pure according to marker enzymes and electron micrographs. A heterogeneity of the lysosomes in electrophoretic mobility was demonstrated with respect to the marker enzymes arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase. The lysosomes with higher mobility showed a maximum enrichment of 240-fold with respect to arylsulfatase. The lysosomes with lower electrophoretic mobility showed a 65-fold enrichment with respect to beta-glucuronidase. The ratio of beta-glucuronidase to arylsulfatase varied from 2:1 to 1:2 in lysosomes of different mobility. The yield amounted to approximately 1 mg of lysosomal protein per gram of liver protein. 5-8 mg of lysosomes can be obtained in one experiment. The electrophoretic separation proves to be an effective tool in obtaining pure and well preserved lysosomes.
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PMID:A new method for the preparation of rat liver lysosomes. Separation of cell organelles of rat liver by carrier-free continuous electrophoresis. 434 32

The data only, in the form of mean, variance, and range, by age and sex, are tabulated for excretion of 17-ketosteroids, pregnanes, and testosterone in 24-hour urines of 419 males and 269 females. The metabolites were androsterone, etiocholanolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, 11-keto-androsterone, 11-keto-etiocholanolone, 11beta-hydroxy-androsterone, 11beta-hydroxy-etiocholanolone, pregnanediol, and pregnanetriol. Persons under 20 years were clinic patients or residents of institutions; all had bone age determined. Persons over 20 were hospital personnel or patients. Methods of analysis included hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase, acid hydrolysis, ether extraction, and gas chromatography. Testosterone metabolites were chromatographed on columns and thin layers before gas chromatography.
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PMID:[The excretion of 17-oxosteroids, pregnanes and testosterone in human urine and the dependency on age and sex (author's transl)]. 480 55

Histochemical procedures for PMN granule enzymes were carried out on smears prepared from normal rabbit bone marrow, and the smears were examined by light microscopy. For each of the enzymes tested, azo dye and heavy metal techniques were utilized when possible. The distribution and intensity of each reaction were compared to the distribution of azurophil and specific granules in developing PMN. The distribution of peroxidase and six lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, esterase, and 5'-nucleotidase) corresponded to that of azurophil granules. Progranulocytes contained numerous reactive granules, and later stages contained only a few. The distribution of one enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, corresponded to that of specific granules. Reaction product first appeared in myelocytes, and later stages contained numerous reactive granules. The results of tests for lipase and thiolacetic acid esterase were negative at all developmental stages. Both types of granules stained for basic protein and arginine. It is concluded that azurophil and specific granules differ in their enzyme content. Moreover, a given enzyme appears to be restricted to one of the granules. The findings further indicate that azurophil granules are primary lysosomes, since they contain numerous lysosomal, hydrolytic enzymes, but the nature of specific granules is uncertain since, except for alkaline phosphatase, their contents remain unknown.
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PMID:Differences in enzyme content of azurophil and specific granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. I. Histochemical staining of bone marrow smears. 487 49

Fibroblasts cultured from the skin of a patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy have been found to manifest the biochemical defect of this inborn error of metabolism, a deficiency of arylsulfatase A. Diseased cells had less than five per cent of normal arylsulfatase-A activity, while activities of other lysosomal enzymes-including arylsulfatase B, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase-were comparable to those in control cells. The presence of dissociable inhibitors in extracts of the diseased cells was excluded by combination experiments. The deficiency of the enzyme in leukocytes was also confirmed and is comparable to that found in cultured fibroblasts. The finding that readily cultured fibroblasts from easily obtained skin biopsy specimens exhibit the enzymatic defect should prove valuable in the biochemical study of this disease.
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PMID:Metachromatic leukodystrophy: arylsulfatase-A deficiency in skin fibroblast cultures. 525 10

The mast cell, located at mucosal surfaces and surrounding venules, is uniquely positioned to respond rapidly to insults to the host by mediating the development of a wide-ranging inflammatory response. Activaton of the mast cell releases preformed granule-associated chemical mediators and generates de novo biologically active materials. The properties of the mast cell mediators permit development of both acute and prolonged inflammatory responses. the immediate response is characterized by edema and the delayed response by leukocyte infiltration and vascular damage. the mast cell mediators responsible for these inflammatory events are characterized functionally. The vasoactive/smooth muscle reactive mediators include preformed histamine and serotonin and newly-generated platelet activating factor, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis and prostaglandins. Chemotactic mediators include eosinophil-selective ECF-A and ECF-oligopeptides, neutrophil-selective NCF, and lipid chemotactic mediators with broad specificity. These factors induce directed migration and localization of leukocytes. The mast cell releases the structural proteoglycan, heparin, which is anticoagulant and inhibits complement. Released mast cell enzymes include chymotryptic and tryptic proteases, arylsulfatase, beta-glucuronidase, and hexosaminidase. The proteolytic enzymes may activate inflammatory pathways while the others degrade ground substance. The capacity of the mast cell to enhance vascular permeability, to cause the influx of regulatory or inflammatory leukocytes, and to provide a variety of active enzymes permits regulation of inflammatory events at the site of tissue injury.
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PMID:The lung mast cell: its physiology and potential relevance to defense of the lung. 610 56

Promazine hydrochloride and acetylpromazine maleate were administered intravenously at clinical dose levels to horses. In urine from horses given promazine hydrochloride, the parent drug and four metabolites were detected. The two major metabolites, present as conjugates were identified after hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase as 3-hydroxypromazine and 3-hydroxydesmonomethyl-promazine. Conjugated 3-hydroxypromazine has been previously identified as a major metabolite in the horse. Two minor metabolites isolated in this study were primaizine N-oxide and promazine N-oxide sulfoxide. At the administered dosage, promazine sulfoxide was not found to be the major nonconjugated metabolite, as had been reported elsewhere. In urine from horses given acetylpromazine maleate, only three metabolites were found. Two were identified after hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase as 7-hydroxyacetylpromazine and 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-hydroxypromazine. The third, nonconjugated metabolite was 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)promazine sulfoxide.
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PMID:The metabolism of promazine and acetylpromazine in the horse. 611 28

After in vitro perfusion of rabbit isolated liver with an emulsion of perfluorocarbon containing [3H]gitoxin, the radioactivity in the liver and in the bile was the sum of that contained in a volatile fraction (tritiated water due to metabolism of gitoxin) and that contained in a nonvolatile fraction (gitoxin and its metabolites). This fraction was divided, by differential extraction, into two groups: liposoluble (dichloromethane soluble) compounds, including unchanged gitoxin and lipophilic metabolites (amounting to 50% in the liver and to 5% in the bile), and hydrosoluble (dichloromethane insoluble) metabolites (50% in the liver, 95% in the bile). Three types of metabolites were found in the hydrosoluble fraction. One type was sensitive to beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase hydrolysis, a second type was insensitive to enzymatic hydrolysis but sensitive to acid hydrolysis, and a third type was insensitive to both enzymatic and acid hydrolysis. The liposoluble compounds and the conjugates sensitive to enzymatic hydrolysis were analyzed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and found to comprise a wide variety of metabolites. The present study demonstrates that gitoxin uptake by the liver is followed by a fast and extensive metabolism to highly polar metabolites that are rapidly excreted into the bile.
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PMID:Hepatic clearance of gitoxin. Metabolism and biliary excretion by rabbit isolated liver. 614 90

Lysosomal hydrolases produce degradation of glomerular basement membrane and may play a key role in catabolism of glycoproteins of extracellular matrix in glomeruli. Therefore we investigated activities of some lysosomal enzymes and stability of lysosomes in glomeruli of normal and nephrotic rats. Nephrosis was induced in rats by single injections of puromycin aminonucleoside. In glomeruli from nephrotic rats we found lower activities of beta-fucosidase and arylsulfatase, but activity of acid phosphatase was higher compared with control rats. Osmotic stability of lysosomes measured by release of beta-glucuronidase was decreased in nephrotic rats. Abnormal activity of lysosomal enzymes and altered physiology of lysosomes in glomeruli may be a pathogenic factor in the altered glycoprotein metabolism in nephrotic syndrome and perhaps also in other glomerular diseases.
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PMID:Glomerular lysosomal enzymes in aminonucleoside nephrosis. 617 16

Two-cell embryos, obtained from the C57BL/6N and DBA/2N strains, were cultured in media that supported in vitro differentiation and that contained [3H]benzo[a]pyrene. High-pressure liquid chromatography of the activated intermediates formed during in vitro early embryonic development indicated that the onset of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon activation coincided with blastocyst formation. Comparison of individual oxygenated intermediates metabolically formed from embryos genetically "responsive" or "nonresponsive" to aromatic hydrocarbons revealed significant quantitative differences in the production of dihydrodiol, quinone, and phenolic derivatives. In addition to exhibiting basal mixed-function oxidase activity, blastocysts were also responsive to enzymatic induction when exposed to 2,-3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The presence of operative metabolite-detoxifying pathways was also assayed. Enzymatic treatment of water-soluble metabolites with beta-glucuronidase or arylsulfatase revealed that neither glucuronic acid conjugates nor sulfate ester derivatives were present. These data, therefore, provide direct evidence that late preimplantation mouse embryos (day 3 1/2 of gestation) are similar to later developmental stages in having the enzymatic capability for xenobiotic activation and enzyme induction but are dissimilar with respect to their detoxification mechanism(s). Moreover, the ability of preimplantation embryos to activate directly polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon to bioreactive intermediates may be of importance in assessing the ontological susceptibility of the developing embryo to carcinogenic or teratogenic chemicals.
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PMID:Developmental onset of mixed-function oxidase activity in preimplantation mouse embryos. 627 1


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