Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An in vitro plant regeneration method and an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation protocol were developed for Euonymus alatus. More than 60% of cotyledon and 70% of hypocotyl sections from 10-day-old seedlings of E. alatus produced 2-4 shoots on woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 5.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) plus 0.2 mg/l alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 77% of shoots produced roots on WPM medium with 0.3 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l Indole-3-butyricacid (IBA). On infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring a gusplus gene that contained a plant recognizable intron from the castor bean catalase gene to ensure plant-specific beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression, 16% of cotyledon and 15% of hypocotyl explants produced transgenic shoots using kanamycin as a selection agent, and 67% of these shoots rooted. Stable insertion of T-DNA into the host genome was determined with organ- and tissue-specific expression of the gusplus gene and further confirmed with a PCR-based molecular analysis.
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PMID:In vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Euonymus alatus. 1673 42

1. Nine acid hydrolases, cytochrome oxidase, alkaline phenylphosphatase and catalase were demonstrated in 0.25m-sucrose homogenates of newborn-rat calvaria. The acid hydrolases were: acid phenylphosphatase, acid beta-glycerophosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (beta-N-acetylaminodeoxyglucosidase), acid ribonuclease and acid deoxyribonuclease, showing optimum activity at about pH5; cathepsin, beta-galactosidase and hyaluronidase, with optimum activity at about pH3.6. 2. The main kinetic characters of these enzymes have been studied and methods for their quantitative assay have been worked out. The activities present in bone are given and compared with those found in liver. 3. Acid-phosphatase activity was assayed with phenyl phosphate and beta-glycerophosphate as substrates: activities with these two substrates appeared to be due to two different enzymes. Acid phenylphosphatase is particularly labile and is readily inactivated by various physical or chemical agents.
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PMID:Studies on bone enzymes. The assay of acid hydrolases and other enzymes in bone tissue. 1674 42

Oxygen free radicals are thought to play an essential role in senescence, especially those derived from peroxisomes. Therefore, the activities of different isoforms of the peroxisomal hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-scavenging enzyme catalase (CAT) were analysed during senescence of Arabidopsis. CAT2 activity decreased with bolting time parallel with cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase 1 (APX1) activity before loss of chlorophyll could be measured. At the same time point, the H2O2 content increased. Subsequently, the stress-inducible CAT3 isoform was activated and APX1 activity was recovered, accompanied by a decline of the H2O2 content. In very late stages, low activities of the seed-specific CAT1 became detectable in leaves, but H2O2 increased again. Further analyses of CAT expression by promoter: beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fusions in transgenic plants revealed a vasculature-specific CAT3 expression, whereas CAT2 expression turned out to be specific for photosynthetic active tissues. CAT2 expression is down-regulated during leaf senescence, while CAT3 expression is induced with age and corresponds to an accumulation of H2O2 in the vascular bundles. CAT2 down-regulation on the transcriptional level appears as the initial step in creating the H2O2 peak during bolting time, while the decrease in APX1 activity might only be a secondary and amplifying effect.
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PMID:Senescence-specific regulation of catalases in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. 1708 Sep 32

The catalase-encoding gene (catB) is expressed strongly in Aspergillus oryzae. To identify the transcription regulatory elements involved in strong expression, we did promoter deletion analysis using beta-glucuronidase (GUS) as a reporter and an electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA) systematically. The deletion 200-bp sequence from -1,000 to -800 in the 1,400-bp catB promoter caused a drastic decrease in GUS activity. In addition, EMSA implicated a 45-bp element from -1,000 to -956 containing cis-elements. According to detailed promoter deletion analysis, a region from -1,000 to -975, which contains putative heat shock element (HSE) and the CCAAT-box, was involved in strong expression.
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PMID:Deletion analysis of the catalase-encoding gene (catB) promoter from Aspergillus oryzae. 1817 23

Quorum sensing (QS) plays important roles in the pathogenicity of Burkholderia glumae, the causative agent of bacterial rice grain rot. We determined how QS is involved in catalase expression in B. glumae. The QS-defective mutant of B. glumae exhibited less catalase activity than wild-type B. glumae. A beta-glucuronidase assay of a katG::Tn3-gusA78 reporter fusion protein revealed that katG expression is under the control of QS. Furthermore, katG expression was upregulated by QsmR, a transcriptional activator for flagellar-gene expression that is regulated by QS. A gel mobility shift assay confirmed that QsmR directly activates katG expression. The katG mutant produced toxoflavin but exhibited less severe disease than BGR1 on rice panicles. Under visible light conditions and a photon flux density of 61.6 micromol(-1) m(-2), the survival rate of the katG mutant was 10(5)-fold lower than that of BGR1. This suggests that KatG is a major catalase that protects bacterial cells from visible light, which probably results in less severe disease caused by the katG mutant.
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PMID:The quorum sensing-dependent gene katG of Burkholderia glumae is important for protection from visible light. 1939 81

Inflammatory reactions to microbial infections may cause male infertility. The mechanisms of inhibition of spermatogenesis can be studied in vitro using rat Sertoli cells. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induce acute inflammations. So LPS treated Sertoli cells can be used to test for new therapeutic compounds. The present study aimed to investigate the protective efficacy of dl-alpha-lipoic acid (LA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in adult rat Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells were divided into 4 groups. Group I served as a control incubated with water (vehicle). Groups II and IV were incubated with 100 microM LA for 24h before incubating Groups III and IV with 50 microg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12h. In Group III cells (LPS-treated, no LA) the lactate concentration was decreased whereas hydrogen peroxide production and lipid peroxidation were significantly increased. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase were reduced. The concentrations of antioxidant molecules such as reduced glutathione and vitamin C were significantly decreased. The activities of enzymes normally elevated in Sertoli cells, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and beta-glucuronidase, were significantly decreased. Treatment with LA (100 microM) for 24h before LPS-treatment (Group IV), prevented these changes in enzyme activities and metabolite concentrations. Therefore, LA may have a cyto-protective role during LPS-induced inflammation in adult rat Sertoli cells.
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PMID:Modulatory role of lipoic acid on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in adult rat Sertoli cells in vitro. 1969 28

Twenty coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains displaying alpha-haemolysis (delta-haemolysin) on sheep-blood agar were isolated from the noses of different pigs in Switzerland. The strains were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile cocci, catalase-positive and coagulase-negative. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, sodA, rpoB, dnaJ and hsp60 and phylogenetic characteristics revealed that the strains showed the closest relatedness to Staphylococcus microti CCM 4903(T) and Staphylococcus muscae DSM 7068(T). The strains can be differentiated from S. microti by the absence of mannose fermentation and arginine arylamidase and from S. muscae by the absence of beta-glucuronidase activity and production of alkaline phosphatase. The chosen type strain ARI 262(T) shared 20.1 and 31.9 % DNA relatedness with S. microti DSM 22147(T) and S. muscae CCM 4903(T), respectively, by DNA-DNA hybridization. iso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(17 : 0) were the most common fatty acids. Cell-wall structure analysis revealed the peptidoglycan type A3alpha l-Lys-Gly(2)-l-Ser-Gly (type A11.3). The presence of teichoic acid was determined by sequencing the N-acetyl-beta-d-mannosaminyltransferase gene tarA, which is involved in biosynthesis of ribitol teichoic acid. Menaquinone 7 (MK-7) was the predominant respiratory quinone. The G+C content of ARI 262(T) was 38.8 mol%. The isolated strains represent a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus, for which we propose the name Staphylococcus rostri sp. nov. The type strain is ARI 262(T) (=DSM 21968(T) =CCUG 57266(T)) and strain ARI 602 (=DSM 21969 =CCUG 57267) is a reference strain.
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PMID:Staphylococcus rostri sp. nov., a haemolytic bacterium isolated from the noses of healthy pigs. 1981 95

Inflammatory reactions that result from microbial infections, both localized and systemic, are reported to cause transient or permanent male infertility. The cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of microbial infection on spermatogenesis is not fully understood. However, there is evidence that spermatogenesis is affected by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that induce acute inflammatory responses. The aim here was to use LPS treatments to investigate the potential oxidative stress and toxicity in primary cultures of adult rat Sertoli cells. The Sertoli cells were established and incubated with different concentrations of LPS (5, 10 or 20 microg/ml) for 6, 12 and 24h. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production, along with superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), lactate, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and beta-glucuronidase were measured in these cells. LPO as well as H(2)O(2) production were significantly increased while antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH concentration were significantly depressed. Effects were dose and time-dependent at all incubation periods with 10 and 20 microg/ml LPS. Moreover, markers of Sertoli cell function such as lactate production, LDH, gamma-GT and beta-glucuronidase activities were decreased in a time and dose-dependent manner. Incubation of Sertoli cells with 5 microg/ml LPS for 12 and 24h significantly increased oxidative status but significantly decreased the antioxidant enzyme activities, GSH concentration and Sertoli cell markers. In contrast, the oxidative and antioxidant status and markers of Sertoli cell function did not show any significant change in treated Sertoli cells with 5 microg/ml LPS for 6h. Therefore, it may be concluded that LPS induces oxidative stress in Sertoli cells and adversely affects Sertoli cell functions.
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PMID:Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in adult rat Sertoli cells in vitro. 2421 63

Cancer is a serious global public health problem. Cancer incidence and mortality have been steadily rising throughout the past century in most places of the world. There are several epidemiological evidences that support a protective role of probiotics against cancer. Lactic acid bacteria and their probioactive cellular substances exert many beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tract, and also release various enzymes into the intestinal lumen and exert potential synergistic (LAB) effects on digestion and alleviate symptoms of intestinal malabsorption. Consumption of fermented dairy products with LAB may elicit anti-tumor effects. These effects are attributed to the inhibition of mutagenic activity, the decrease in several enzymes implicated in the generation of carcinogens, mutagens, or tumor-promoting agents, suppression of tumors, and epidemiology correlating dietary regimes and cancer. Specific cellular components in lactic acid bacteria seem to induce strong adjuvant effects including modulation of cell-mediated immune responses, activation of the reticulo-endothelial system, augmentation of cytokine pathways, and regulation of interleukins and tumor necrosis factors. Studies on the effect of probiotic consumption on cancer appear promising, since recent in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that probiotic bacteria might reduce the risk, incidence and number of tumors of the colon, liver and bladder. The protective effect against cancer development may be ascribed to binding of mutagens by intestinal bacteria, may suppress the growth of bacteria that convert procarcinogens into carcinogens, thereby reducing the amount of carcinogens in the intestine, reduction of the enzymes beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase and deconjugation of bile acids, or merely by enhancing the immune system of the host. There are isolated reports citing that administration of LAB results in increased activity of anti-oxidative enzymes or by modulating circulatory oxidative stress that protects cells against carcinogen-induced damage. These include glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. However, there is no direct experimental evidence for cancer suppression in human subjects as a result of the consumption of probiotic cultures in fermented or unfermented dairy products, but there is a wealth of indirect evidence based largely on laboratory studies.
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PMID:Cancer-preventing attributes of probiotics: an update. 2018 14

The pathogenesis of periodontitis involves anaerobic oral bacteria as well as the host response to infection and several drugs have been developed which can curtail these deleterious effects. Proanthocyanidin, a novel flavanoid extracted from grape seeds, has been shown to provide a significant therapeutic effect on endotoxin (Escherichia coli) induced experimental periodontitis in rats. In this study, protective action of different doses of proanthocyanidins was investigated in blood by assaying the reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, myeloperoxidase and lipid peroxides, lysosomal enzyme activities such as cathepsin B, cathepsin D, beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase, nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, ceruloplasmin, reduced glutathione and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase. Experimental periodontitis rats showed a reduction in body weight and body weight gain could be noticed when they were administered proanthocyanidins. The levels of reactive oxygen species and lysosomal enzymes were found to increase whereas antioxidant levels were decreased significantly in experimental periodontitis. Proanthocyanidins at an effective dose of 30 mg/kg body weight, sc, for 30 days effected a decrease in serum reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxides, lysosomal enzymes, acute phase proteins and an increase in antioxidant levels. Histopathological evidence of experimental periodontitis showed cellular infiltration of inflammatory cells while proanthocyanidin treated groups demonstrated only scattered inflammatory cells and blood vessels. Thus, the results showed that dietary supplementation of proanthocyanidin enhanced the host resistance as well as the inhibition of the biological and mechanical irritants involved in the onset of gingivitis and the progression of periodontal disease.
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PMID:Protective effect of proanthocyanidins on endotoxin induced experimental periodontitis in rats. 2045 22


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