Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cefdinir, a new oral 2-amino-5-thiazolyl cephalosporin, inhibited the luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (LACL) response of human neutrophils stimulated by PMA but not opsonized zymosan, in a concentration-dependent but not time-dependent manner. The LACL response to opsonized zymosan in cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils was, however, inhibited by cefdinir. Various cephalosporins, regardless of the presence of a 2-amino-5-thiazolyl moiety, did not significantly alter the neutrophil LACL response triggered by PMA and zymosan. The LACL response induced by the calcium ionophore A23187 and FMLP was also impaired by cefdinir, and this impairment was increased in cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils. Superoxide anion generation by neutrophils, measured in terms of lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence and cytochrome c reduction, was not altered. Spontaneous and FMLP-induced neutrophil degranulation, assessed by lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase release, were not modified by cefdinir. Furthermore, cefdinir inhibited LACL generation in cell-free systems consisting of H2O2, NaI, and either horseradish peroxidase or a myeloperoxidase-containing neutrophil extract. Orthodianisidine oxidation in these two acellular systems was inhibited by cefdinir. Cefdinir did not alter neutrophil bacterial killing at concentrations that inhibited myeloperoxidase-containing neutrophil extract-dependent reactions induced by soluble stimuli. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that cefdinir directly inhibits the activity of myeloperoxidase-containing neutrophil extract released into the extracellular medium during neutrophil stimulation by soluble mediators, but has no effect on that released into the phagolysosome during phagocytosis. This unusual property of a member of the beta-lactam family could be of interest in modulating the exaggerated inflammatory process often associated with infectious diseases.
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PMID:Cefdinir (CI-983), a new oral amino-2-thiazolyl cephalosporin, inhibits human neutrophil myeloperoxidase in the extracellular medium but not the phagolysosome. 813 56

Human colostrum, the first product of lactation, has antioxidant properties and inhibits selected enzyme and bactericidal activities of human neutrophils. We examined the subsequent product of lactation, mature human milk, with respect to its antioxidant activities, its effects on neutrophil enzyme activities (myeloperoxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and lysozyme), and its effects on neutrophil bactericidal and phagocytic activities. Mature human milk displayed antioxidant characteristics similar to those of human colostrum, reducing cytochrome c and consuming H2O2. Mature milk also displayed colostrum-like characteristics in depressing neutrophil myeloperoxidase and beta-glucuronidase activities, but not in altering lysozyme activity. Neutrophil bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus was depressed by both mature milk and colostrum, without dramatic effects on phagocytic activity. These data show that mature milk shares characteristics with human colostrum that may result in anti-inflammatory effects, but the magnitude of these effects is generally smaller.
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PMID:Inhibition of neutrophil function by human milk. 864 Aug 57

In the present work, the promoter of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear gene COX5b-1, encoding subunit 5b of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, has been analysed. For this purpose, plants, stably transformed with different promoter fragments fused to the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene, have been obtained. Histochemical staining indicated that the COX5b-1 promoter directs expression in meristems and in vascular tissues of cotyledons, roots, and hypocotyls, as well as in anthers and pollen and the central leaf vein. Quantitative measurements in extracts prepared from different organs suggested that expression is higher in roots. The analysis of progressive upstream deletions of the promoter suggested the presence of negative regulatory elements, preferentially active in leaves, between nucleotides -609 and -387 from the translation start site. A further deletion down to nucleotide -195 completely abolished expression. The inclusion of sucrose or the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine in the culture medium induced COX5b-1 promoter-dependent beta-glucuronidase expression. This induction was observed with all constructs that produced beta-glucuronidase activity. Putative regulatory elements involved in the regulation of other genes were detected in the promoter fragment required for expression. A detailed analysis of these elements will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that participate in the expression of this and, possibly, other components of the cytochrome c-dependent respiratory pathway.
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PMID:The promoter of the Arabidopsis nuclear gene COX5b-1, encoding subunit 5b of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, directs tissue-specific expression by a combination of positive and negative regulatory elements. 1528 48

The promoters of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cytochrome c genes, Cytc-1 and Cytc-2, were analyzed using plants transformed with fusions to the beta-glucuronidase coding sequence. Histochemical staining of plants indicated that the Cytc-1 promoter directs preferential expression in root and shoot meristems and in anthers. In turn, plants transformed with the Cytc-2 promoter fusions showed preferential expression in vascular tissues of cotyledons, leaves, roots, and hypocotyls, and also in anthers. Quantitative measurements in extracts prepared from different organs suggested that expression of Cytc-1 is higher in flowers, while that of Cytc-2 is higher in leaves. The analysis of a set of deletions and site-directed mutants of the Cytc-1 promoter indicated that a segment located between -147 and -156 from the translation start site is required for expression and that site II elements (TGGGCC/T) located in this region, coupled with a downstream internal telomeric repeat (AAACCCTAA), are responsible for the expression pattern of this gene. Proteins present in cauliflower nuclear extracts, as well as a recombinant protein from the TCP-domain family, were able to specifically bind to the region required for expression. We propose that expression of the Cytc-1 gene is linked to cell proliferation through the elements described above. The fact that closely located site II motifs are present in similar locations in several genes encoding proteins involved in cytochrome c-dependent respiration suggests that these elements may be the target of factors that coordinate the expression of nuclear genes encoding components of this part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
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PMID:Differential expression of the Arabidopsis cytochrome c genes Cytc-1 and Cytc-2. Evidence for the involvement of TCP-domain protein-binding elements in anther- and meristem-specific expression of the Cytc-1 gene. 1611 11

D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (DSL) is a derivative of D-glucaric acid. It is a beta-glucuronidase inhibitor and possesses anticarcinogenic, detoxifying, and antioxidant properties. In the present study, the protective effects of DSL were investigated against tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) induced cytotoxicity and cell death in vitro using murine hepatocytes. Exposure of TBHP caused a reduction in cell viability, enhanced the membrane leakage, and disturbed the intracellular antioxidant machineries in murine hepatocytes. Investigating the signaling mechanism of TBHP-induced cellular pathophysiology and protective action of DSL, we found that TBHP exposure disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, facilitated cytochrome c release in the cytosol, and led to apoptotic cell death via mitochondria-dependent pathways. DSL counteracted these changes and maintained normalcy in hepatocytes. Combining, results suggest that DSL possesses the ability to ameliorate TBHP-induced oxidative insult, cytotoxicity, and apoptotic cell death probably due to its antioxidant activity and functioning via mitochondria-dependent pathways.
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PMID:Prophylactic role of D-Saccharic acid-1,4-lactone in tertiary butyl hydroperoxide induced cytotoxicity and cell death of murine hepatocytes via mitochondria-dependent pathways. 2153 28


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