Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The histrochemistry of the adrenal glands was studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). It was impossible to demonstrate any reactivity to UDPG-GT, ADH, alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, xilitol (NAD-dependent) dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase and aryl-sulfatase in these glands. Total phosphorylase was found in scattered cells of the glomerulosa and adjacent outer fasciculata of one C. penicillata. The dehydrogenases (LDH, G-6-PDH,6-PGDH, NADPH2-TR,ICDH,SDH,NADH2-TR, alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH) as well as the hydrolases (except alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase) showed a stonger reactivity in the cortical part. Some hydrolases (naphthol acetate esterase, acid phosphatase) and cytochrome oxidase were less reactive in the zona glomerulosa, where the dehydrogenases were more abundant. The outer fasciculata and the reticularis also showed a strong dehydrogenase reactivity.
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PMID:Histochemical studies on the adrenal glands of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata). 0 44

The histochemistry of the hepatic parenchymal cells was studied in four Callithrix jacchus. A large amount of glycogen was noted throughout the lobules while the UDPG-GT and the phosphorylases were found unevenly distributed by the hepatic strands with different degrees of reactivity. Near the central vein one of the livers showed PAS-positive nuclear corpuscles that were more conspicuous in the hepatic cells with a larger amount of cytoplasmic glycogen and weaker UDPG-GT and phosphorylase reactivities. G-6PA (in a larger amount) and LDH (in a moderate amount) were found evenly distributed in the hepatic strands. F-1-6PA was seen sometimes with a stronger reactivity at the peripheral part of the lobules. The enzymes of the pentose shunt (G-6PDH, 6-PGDH and NADPH-2-TR) reacted strongly and as a rule evenly distributed near the hepatic lobules. Occasionally they reacted more intensely in the row of hepatic cells disposed just around the central vein. Cytochrome oxidase showed a very faint reaction. Cis-aconitase and ICDH were weak or moderate. NADH-2-TR more than SDH more than MDH were seen frequently diffused near the hepatic strands. SDH and MDH in some instances showed a stronger reactivity in the row or group of hepatic cells around the central vein. ATPase at pH 6.3 was negative in the marmoset liver; ATPase at pH 7.4 was mainly found in the wall of the portal area vessels; ATPase at pH 8.5 showed a stronger reactivity in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells and ATPase at pH 9.4 was more abundant in the bile capillaries. The reactivity of the lipid metabolism enzymes was moderate with regard to alpha-GPDH or negligible with regard to beta-OHBDH. Acid phosphatase showed a stronger reaction, but almost limited to the Kupffer cells. The hepatic cells showed only a moderate amount of RNA. Some enzymes of the protein metabolism, such as GDH and leucine aminopeptidase showed a stronger reactivity while some others, such as alanyl aminopeptidase and MAO, were seen diffused near the hepatic lobules in a small amount. Enzymes of the mucopolysaccharide metabolism were not found at all (beta-glucuronidase) or showed only a weak reactivity, such as xylitol dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Histochemical data on the liver of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). 16 44

The liver cells of 8 rabbits fed for 12 to 16 weeks with a cholesterol diet showed a decrease of RNA and a stronger reactivity for acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase. The non-specific esterase showed a weaker reactivity in the cells with a larger amount of cholesterol and a stronger reaction in the cells with a smaller quantity of this substance. Several enzymes such as: diaphorases, those of the pentose shunt and respiratory cycle as well as those related to the metabolism of lipids, proteins and mucopolysaccharides showed a unconspicuous reactivity. The glycogen was found in a lesser amont in 6 out of 8 rabbits but with a higher concentration in 2 of them. The reactivity of UDPG-GT, active phosphorylase, F-1,6-PA, F-1,6-P Ald, LDH and ADH was stronger in the last 2 animals but weaker in the 6 others. In this 8 rabbit group the total phosphorylase and G-6-PA showed respectively always a stronger and a weaker reactivity than their controls. In the liver of 2 cholesterol-fed for 20 weeks rabbits it was observed a centrolobular fibrosis, a smaller amount of RNA and glycogen as well as a global decrease of the enzymatic reactivity.
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PMID:Histochemical reactions of liver cells in cholesterol-fed rabbits. 40 25

Small clusters of extra large muscle fibres were identified in hindlimb muscles of neonatal mice (strain C57BL/10ScSn). At two days of age they had a significantly greater cross-sectional area than their normal counterparts (P less than 0.01). Fibre typing methods (NADH-tetrazolium reductase, ATPase and phosphorylase) classified them as 2A fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG fibres). The activity of NADH-tetrazolium reductase and the lysosomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and dipeptidyl peptidase II were all elevated in the large fibres. Microsomal aminopeptidase (mAPP), a membrane-bound enzyme, also showed increased activity. The fibres are probably the mouse equivalent of the Wohlfart B fibres of the human fetus, with which comparison is made.
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PMID:An enzyme histochemical study of large muscle fibres in the neonatal mouse. 225 60

The livers of 26 adult male and female trout were studied histochemically. G6Pase activity was always found to be heterotopically distributed with a constant maximum in the periportal area. In many cases the glycogen content and the activity of phosphorylase predominated in the periportal zone as well. Maximum activity of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, however, could be demonstrated preferentially in the perivenous area. Lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were found equally in all liver cells. 3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase was absent. Thus, the principles of metabolic zonation have been established in trout liver, the architecture of which differs essentially from that of mammals. The course of the terminal afferent and efferent vessels is the decisive factor for the heterotopic localization of functional units rather than the tubular or plate-forming arrangement of the hepatocytes.
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PMID:Histochemical studies on metabolic zonation of the liver in the trout (Salmo gairdneri). 299 84

Thionins are shown to form disulphide linkages with other proteins. The reaction with bacterial enzymes beta-glucuronidase and neomycin phosphotransferase II could be prevented and reversed with dithiothreitol and blocked with N-ethylmaleimide. Other cysteine-rich low-molecular-weight toxic peptides from plants (LTP-3 from barley and P19 from potato) did not react as the thionins. Certain cysteine-containing proteins, such bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin and cytochrome c, reacted with thionins, while others, including carbonic anhydrase, soybean trypsin inhibitor, bovine-lung trypsin inhibitor and phosphorylase B did not. Selectivity of the reaction with a periplasmic component of the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas solanacearum was also shown.
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PMID:Selective disulphide linkage of plant thionins with other proteins. 764 64

Analysis of the levels of starch phosphorylase mRNA and its product in the various organs of the potato plant indicates that the gene is differentially regulated, leading to a high accumulation of the gene product in tubers. The amount of phosphorylase transcripts synthesized in nuclei isolated from tubers and leaves indicates that the difference in the steady-state levels of phosphorylase mRNA in these organs can be explained by different rates of initiation of transcription. However, while rates of initiation of transcription are similar in tubers and stems, the steady-state level of phosphorylase mRNA is much lower in the stem. Transgenic potato plants expressing the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene under the control of 5'-flanking sequences of the phosphorylase gene exhibited high levels of GUS activity in petioles, stems, stolons, tubers and roots, but low levels in leaves. This confirms the results of transcription assays observed for leaves, stems and tubers, and indicates that accumulation of phosphorylase mRNA in stems and tubers is not controlled solely by transcription initiation. Finally, histochemical analysis for GUS activity in transgenic potato plants suggests that transcription of the phosphorylase gene predominantly occurs in starch-containing cells associated to vascular tissues, and suggests a role for starch phosphorylase in the mobilization of starch stored along the translocation pathway.
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PMID:The starch phosphorylase gene is subjected to different modes of regulation in starch-containing tissues of potato. 870 21

Plants possess two alternative biochemical pathways for sucrose (Suc) degradation. One involves hydrolysis by invertase followed by phosphorylation via hexokinase and fructokinase, and the other route-which is unique to plants-involves a UDP-dependent cleavage of Suc that is catalyzed by Suc synthase (SuSy). In the present work, we tested directly whether a bypass of the endogenous SuSy route by ectopic overexpression of invertase or Suc phosphorylase affects internal oxygen levels in growing tubers and whether this is responsible for their decreased starch content. (a) Oxygen tensions were lower within transgenic tubers than in wild-type tubers. Oxygen tensions decreased within the first 10 mm of tuber tissue, and this gradient was steeper in transgenic tubers. (b) Invertase-overexpressing tubers had higher activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase, and (c) higher levels of lactate. (d) Expression of a low-oxygen-sensitive Adh1-beta-glucuronidase reporter gene construct was more strongly induced in the invertase-overexpressing background compared with wild-type background. (e) Intact transgenic tubers had lower ATP to ADP ratios than the wild type. ATP to ADP ratio was restored to wild type, when discs of transgenic tubers were incubated at 21% (v/v) oxygen. (f) Starch decreased from the periphery to the center of the tuber. This decrease was much steeper in the transgenic lines, leading to lower starch content especially near the center of the tuber. (g) Metabolic fluxes (based on redistribution of (14)C-glucose) and ATP to ADP ratios were analyzed in more detail, comparing discs incubated at various external oxygen tensions (0%, 1%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 21% [v/v]) with intact tubers. Discs of Suc phosphorylase-expressing lines had similar ATP to ADP ratios and made starch as fast as wild type in high oxygen but had lower ATP to ADP ratios and lower rates of starch synthesis than wild type at low-oxygen tensions typical to those found inside an intact tuber. (h) In discs of wild-type tubers, subambient oxygen concentrations led to a selective increase in the mRNA levels of specific SuSy genes, whereas the mRNA levels of genes encoding vacuolar and apoplastic invertases decreased. (i) These results imply that repression of invertase and mobilization of Suc via the energetically less costly route provided by SuSy is important in growing tubers because it conserves oxygen and allows higher internal oxygen tensions to be maintained than would otherwise be possible.
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PMID:A bypass of sucrose synthase leads to low internal oxygen and impaired metabolic performance in growing potato tubers. 1291 61