Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of Lactobacillus arabinosus in the malignant transformation of tumors of the large intestine was investigated in mice. Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate, at a weekly dose of 0.2 mg/10 g body weight, was given to germfree mice and to mice monocontaminated with either L. arabinosus or Escherichia coli. At sacrifice, the activity of non-specific esterase, beta-glucuronidase, and alcohol dehydrogenase within the liver and intestine was examined biochemically and histochemically. Non-specific esterase activity in the liver and large intestine was significantly higher in L. arabinosus mice than in the other 2 groups. Also, beta-glucuronidase activity in the large intestine and alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the liver were significantly greater in L. arabinosus mice than in the other groups. Esterase was localized in the mitochondria and absorptive granules within the mucosal epithelium of the large intestine. An apparent increase in the number of certain organelles was observed in the L. arabinosus mice, compared with the other groups. These results suggest that L. arabinosus plays an important role in MAM acetate tumorigenesis and malignant transformation.
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PMID:Influence of Lactobacillus arabinosus on metabolic enzyme activity of methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate in gnotobiotic mice. 294 71

The livers of 26 adult male and female trout were studied histochemically. G6Pase activity was always found to be heterotopically distributed with a constant maximum in the periportal area. In many cases the glycogen content and the activity of phosphorylase predominated in the periportal zone as well. Maximum activity of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, however, could be demonstrated preferentially in the perivenous area. Lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were found equally in all liver cells. 3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase was absent. Thus, the principles of metabolic zonation have been established in trout liver, the architecture of which differs essentially from that of mammals. The course of the terminal afferent and efferent vessels is the decisive factor for the heterotopic localization of functional units rather than the tubular or plate-forming arrangement of the hepatocytes.
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PMID:Histochemical studies on metabolic zonation of the liver in the trout (Salmo gairdneri). 299 84

Using male Fischer 344 rats classified as young (2-4 months), middle aged (12-14 months), and old (22-25 months), the activities of several Phase I and Phase II biotransformation pathways in the large intestine were investigated, including benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (BPOH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), beta-glucuronidase (BG), and microsomal and nuclear glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT). Levels of oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) glutathione and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) were also measured. BPOH increased 33% in old rats, while ADH and BG activity remained unchanged with age. Nuclear UDPGT remained unchanged with age, whereas form I of GSH-PX declined slightly in old rats. GST, microsomal UDPGT, and form II of GSH-PX declined by 38, 37 and 44%, respectively, in old rats. The decrease in GST and microsomal UDPGT was also significant in middle aged rats. Levels of colonic GSH, GSSG and UDPGA were found to be unchanged with age. These in vitro data suggest the possibility that if reactive intermediates are generated to the same extent in old rats as in young rats, decreased detoxification mechanisms in the old rat may increase susceptibility of the colon to actions of chemical carcinogens.
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PMID:Changes in phase I and phase II biotransformation with age in male Fischer 344 rat colon: relationship to colon carcinogenesis. 311 59

Chronic alcohol intoxication led to an increase in activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and to decrease -- of aldehyde dehydrogenase and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) with simultaneous activation of cytochrome P-450 in liver tissue of rats during ontogenesis. Ethanol, which did not affect the enzymatic status of lysosomes within ontogenesis (alpha- and beta-glucosidases, alpha- and beta-galactosidases, alpha-mannosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-xylosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetyl galactosaminidase acid RNAase, arylsulfatases A and B, cathepsin D), activated the majority of hydrolases in both embryonal and postnatal periods of development. Distinct increase in lipoperoxidation was detected under conditions of chronic alcohol intoxication.
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PMID:[Enzyme characteristics of the rat liver in ontogeny in chronic alcohol intoxication]. 720 88

Testosterone administration to female mice for 25 days produced a 70% increase in total kidney protein in both A/J and C57BL/6J mice. This is in contrast to the known androgen-responsive proteins, such as beta-glucuronidase and alcohol dehydrogenase, which each represent less than 1% of the total kidney proteins even after maximum stimulation. To investigate this discrepancy, we initiated a study to identify major proteins which increase with androgen treatment. Three new cytoplasmic proteins designated T1, T2, and T3 were found in different subcellular fractions of both A/J and C57BL/6J mice. T1 (43,000 daltons) and T2 (60,000 daltons) were found in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction of 25-day androgen-treated mice. T3 (54,000 daltons) was found in the microsomal fraction. Each of these proteins increased several-fold during androgen treatment, so that they were easily identified using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By contrast, no major changes were noted in the soluble proteins. A nonhistone chromosomal protein of 54,000 mol wt (T4) was found in chromatin preparations from androgen-stimulated A/J mice. Additional studies with androgen-insensitive Tfm/Y mice and with various hormones indicated that stimulation of the T proteins was dependent on androgenic steroid and a functional androgen receptor.
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PMID:New androgen-stimulated proteins in the kidneys of female mice. 735 32

The Adh (alcohol dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.1.) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. can be induced by dehydration and cold, as well as by hypoxia. A 1-kb promoter fragment (CADH: -964 to +53) is sufficient to confer the stress induction and tissue-specific developmental expression characteristics of the Adh gene to a beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. Deletion mapping of the 5' end and site-specific mutagenesis identified four regions of the promoter essential for expression under the three stress conditions. Some sequence elements are important for response to all three stress treatments, whereas others are stress specific. The most critical region essential for expression of the Arabidopsis Adh promoter under all three environmental stresses (region IV: -172 to -141) contains sequences homologous to the GT motif (-160 to -152) and the GC motif (-147 to -144) of the maize Adh1 anaerobic responsive element. Region III (-235 to -172) contains two regions shown by R.J. Ferl and B.H. Laughner ([1989] Plant Mol Biol 12: 357-366) to bind regulatory proteins; mutation of the G-box-1 region (5'-CCACGTGG-3', -216 to -209) does not affect expression under uninduced or hypoxic conditions, but significantly reduces induction by cold stress and, to a lesser extent, by dehydration stress. Mutation of the other G-box-like sequence (G-box-2: 5'-CCAAGTGG-3', -193 to -182) does not change hypoxic response and affects cold and dehydration stress only slightly. G-box-2 mutations also promote high levels of expression under uninduced conditions. Deletion of region I (-964 to -510) results in increased expression under uninduced and all stress conditions, suggesting that this region contains a repressor binding site. Region II (-510 to -384) contains a positive regulatory element and is necessary for high expression levels under all treatments.
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PMID:Differential interactions of promoter elements in stress responses of the Arabidopsis Adh gene. 797 89

An Aspergillus flavus cDNA library was screened by differential hybridization to isolate clones corresponding to genes that are actively transcribed under culture conditions conducive to aflatoxin biosynthesis. One clone with a 1.28-kb insert was isolated, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The nucleotide sequence of this clone had 75% DNA identity to those of the alcohol dehydrogenase genes from Aspergillus nidulans, and the putative polypeptide translated from the cDNA sequence had 82% similarity with the amino acid sequences of the A. nidulans proteins. Thus, this gene has been designated adh1. Southern hybridization analysis of genomic DNA from A. flavus indicated that there was one copy of the adh1 gene. Northern (RNA) hybridization analysis indicated that the adh1 transcript accumulated in culture medium conducive to aflatoxin production and the timing of accumulation of adh1 transcripts was similar to that for aflatoxin. Fusion of the promoter region of adh1 to a beta-glucuronidase reporter gene indicated that accumulation of the adh1 transcript was the result of transcriptional activation. These molecular data support previous physiological evidence that showed the importance of carbohydrate metabolism during aflatoxin biosynthesis.
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PMID:The alcohol dehydrogenase gene adh1 is induced in Aspergillus flavus grown on medium conducive to aflatoxin biosynthesis. 813 21

KlADH4 is a gene of Kluyveromyces lactis encoding a mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase activity which is specifically induced by ethanol. The promoter of this gene was used for the expression of heterologous proteins in K. lactis, a very promising organism which can be used as an alternative host to Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to its good secretory properties. In this paper we report the ethanol-driven expression in K. lactis of the bacterial beta-glucuronidase and of the human serum albumin (HSA) genes under the control of the KlADH4 promoter. In particular, we studied the extracellular production of recombinant HSA (rHSA) with integrative and replicative vectors and obtained a significant increase in the amount of the protein with multicopy vectors, showing that no limitation of KlADH4 trans-acting factors occurred in the cells. By deletion analysis of the promoter, we identified an element (UASE) which is sufficient for the induction of KlADH4 by ethanol and, when inserted in the respective promoters, allows ethanol-dependent activation of other yeast genes, such as PGK and LAC4. We also analyzed the effect of medium composition on cell growth and protein secretion. A clear improvement in the production of the recombinant protein was achieved by shifting from batch cultures (0.3 g/liter) to fed-batch cultures (1 g/liter) with ethanol as the preferred carbon source.
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PMID:Use of the KlADH4 promoter for ethanol-dependent production of recombinant human serum albumin in Kluyveromyces lactis. 987 59

Construction of a gene expression system in tobacco cultured cells (BY2) was studied. A 925 bp promoter fragment of a heat-shock protein gene (HSP18.2) of Arabidopsis thaliana showed clear heat-shock response of expression of the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in BY2 cells. Similar results were observed in a 500 mL flask and 3-L jar fermentor. Isolation of strong promoters in BY2 cells was tried. cDNA clones, in which the mRNA level is high in log-phase cells and the copy number in the genome is low, were isolated. These clones showed high homology with F1-ATPase (mitochondria type), elongation factor 1-alpha, and a gene with an unknown function of A. thaliana (clone 27), respectively. A 5'-flanking region of clone 27 showed 6.2 times the promoter activity of the CaMV35S promoter in BY2 cells. Three cDNA clones, which are expressed in the stationary growth phase of BY2 cells, were isolated by a differential screening. These clones showed high sequence homologies to alcohol dehydrogenase, pectin esterase, and extensin. Promoters of these genes will be useful in gene expression in high cell-density culture.
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PMID:Metabolic engineering of cultured tobacco cells. 1019 12

The use of plants as integral components of life support systems remains a cornerstone of strategies for long-term human habitation of space and extraterrestrial colonization. Spaceflight experiments over the past few decades have refined the hardware required to grow plants in low-earth orbit and have illuminated fundamental issues regarding spaceflight effects on plant growth and development. Potential incipient hypoxia, resulting from the lack of convection-driven gas movement, has emerged as a possible major impact of microgravity. We developed transgenic Arabidopsis containing the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene promoter linked to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene to address specifically the possibility that spaceflight induces the plant hypoxia response and to assess whether any spaceflight response was similar to control terrestrial hypoxia-induced gene expression patterns. The staining patterns resulting from a 5-d mission on the orbiter Columbia during mission STS-93 indicate that the Adh/GUS reporter gene was activated in roots during the flight. However, the patterns of expression were not identical to terrestrial control inductions. Moreover, although terrestrial hypoxia induces Adh/GUS expression in the shoot apex, no apex staining was observed in the spaceflight plants. This indicates that either the normal hypoxia response signaling is impaired in spaceflight or that spaceflight inappropriately induces Adh/GUS activity for reasons other than hypoxia.
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PMID:Transgene expression patterns indicate that spaceflight affects stress signal perception and transduction in arabidopsis. 1140 91


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