Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recently developed analytical procedures for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of human urine for major and minor steroid metabolites are described. Steroid profile samples were obtained by enzymic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Methoxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of steroid metabolites were prepared; the recommended procedure converts all ketone groups (except the 11-one group) into methoxime groups and all hydroxyl groups into trimethylsily ether groups. These derivatives are thermally stable, readily volatilized, not subject to dehydration or adsorption on gas chromatographic columns, and suitable for both quanlitative and quantitative analytical studies. Thermostable glass open tubular capillary columns, coated with the non-polar phase SE-30, and containing dispersed particles of silanized silicic acid, were used for the gas chromatographic separation. Illustrations of profiles for normal female and male subjects, and patients with a testosterone-secreting ovarian tumor, congenital adrenal insufficiency and a dehydroepiandrosterone-secreting adrenal tumor are included.
...
PMID:High-resolution biomedical gas chromatography. Determination of human urinary steroid metabolites using glass open tubular capillary columns. 12

A routine gas chromatographic assay for urinary 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH), the major metabolite of phenytoin (PHT) in man, was adapted to allow quantitation of 5-(3,4-dihydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-5-phenylhydantoin (Dihydrodiol, DHD) is based on the observation that acid-catalyzed dehydration of DHD quantitatively yields a mixture of p-HPPH and m-HPPH in a reproducible molar ratio of 56:44p-HPPH: m-HPPH and on the assumption that all m-HPPH found in urine after heating with acid has been derived from DHD. The urinary DHD content was verified by a "specific" method in which urine was incubated with beta-glucuronidase and the released phenolic metabolites completely removed by extraction. Subsequent acid-catalyzed dehydration of the remaining DHD yielded p-HPPH and m-HPPH, from the sum of which the original DHD concentration in urine could be calculated. In all of the urine samples from PHT patients examined to date, there was close agreement between the DHD values obtained by the "specific" method and those calculated from m-HPPH, in the simple acid-hydrolysis method. It can be inferred that much the greater part (greater than 90%) of m-HPPH found in human urine after acid treatment has been derived from DHD. All samples of urine after acid treatment has been derived from DHD. All samples of urine from PHT patients examined have shown detectable quantities of DHD. The methods described here may be useful in a survey of PHT patients to reveal unusual patterns of PHT metabolism and to permit recognition of possible associations between such unusual patterns and the occurrence of adverse reactions.
...
PMID:Determination of 5-(3,4-Dihydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-5-phenylhydantoin (Dihydrodiol) and quantitative studies of phenytoin metabolism in man. 55 79

Changes in intracellular water content appear to be common abnormalities induced by a wide variety of pathogenic mechanisms. Such changes in cell water produce changes in the water in various subcellular organelles bound by semipermeable membranes. Cell and subcell functions then alter in their turn. In isolated alveolar macrophages (rabbit), intracellular and intramitochondrial oedema reduces mitochondrial O2 utilization. Metabolic control is maintained because lactate production reverses (Pasteur effect). On reconstitution, O2 utilization and lactate production return towards normal, indicating reversibility. Cellular and intramitochondrial dehydration also reduces mitochondrial O2 utilization but metabolic control is lost because lactate production also decreases. Osmotic reconstitution does not reverse the abnormality. Exposure to hypotonic media leads to release of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase, EC 3.2.1.31) to the extracellular phase of isolated alveolar macrophages. Some of this release is caused by exocytosis although, at low osmotic concentrations, intralysosomal oedema ultimately ruptures lysosomes, with extensive discharge of enzyme. In turn, lysosomal enzymes may injure more normal cells. Impairment of energy metabolism caused by hypoxia leads to intracellular oedema, because Na+ accumulates in the cells when ATP is no longer available for the sodium pump. Continued studies of the disorders in cell physiology caused by changes in cell and subcell water should provide important new insights into a wide variety of disease states (including pulmonary oedema).
...
PMID:Intracellular and subcellular oedema and dehydration. 104 40

We studied the therapeutic effects of human urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) in 5 cases with acute renal failure, resulting from traumatic shock in 1 case, post-operative shock in 2 cases, septic shock in 1 case, and dehydration in 1 case. We administered 300,000 u/day of UTI intravenously at the initial phase of acute renal failure for 7 days. We measured the activities of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and the activities of serum beta-glucuronidase, PMN-elastase serially. As a control, we also studied same markers in 5 cases with acute renal failure without the administration of UTI. We could obtain the following results. 1) Urinary activities of NAG and AAP were already elevated markedly at the onset phase of acute renal failure. 2) The administration of UTI caused a significant decrease of the activities of NAG and AAP in the urine as compared with those in the controls. 3) The administration of UTI caused also the significant suppression of the activities of beta-glucuronidase and PMN-elastase in the serum. These results suggested that UTI has the protective effects on the tubular epithelial cell injuries in cases of acute renal failure.
...
PMID:[Therapeutic effects and influence on the urinary enzyme activity of human urinary trypsin inhibitor (urinastatin) in cases with acute renal failure--changes in the urinary activities of NAG and AAP]. 257 48

Rat liver was fixed in formal-cacodylate-sucrose and frozen sections were incubated in a simultaneous-coupling medium containing naphthol AS-BI glucuronide as substrate and hexazonium pararosanilin as the diazo reagent. By light microscopy, the sections demonstrated beta-glucuronidase activity as red discrete granules in the pericanalicular cytoplasm and as a generalized cytoplasmic stain in the parenchymal cells. Brief treatment of sections in cold ethanol prior to incubation markedly enhanced the staining for the enzyme and made it possible to demonstrate sufficient amounts of the reaction product in sections embedded in epoxy resin following dehydration and propylene oxide treatment. Electron microscopy revealed that the reaction product was moderately electron opaque and deposited in greater amounts in the vacuolated dense bodies and occasionally in the dense bodies which did not show obvious vacuoles. In each dense body, the deposits occurred preferentially at the edge as well as in the area surrounding the vacuoles in the matrix. Control sections incubated in the presence of glucosaccharo-1:4-lactone were devoid of the reaction product. No deposits of the reaction product were found in the nucleus, mitochondria, or microbodies. The limitations of the present cytochemical technique for use in electron microscopy are briefly discussed.
...
PMID:Combined cytochemical and electron microscopic demonstration of beta-glucuronidase activity in rat liver with the use of a simultaneous coupling azo dye technique. 417 May 45

The Arabidopsis thaliana genes kin1 and cor6.6 belong to the same family and were expressed at higher levels following low temperature and ABA treatments. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of gene regulation by low temperature, the relationship between low-temperature- and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced gene expression and possible differential expression of the two genes, we have cloned a 5.3 kb genomic fragment harboring kin1 and cor6.6 and their respective 5' sequences. The putative promoters of both genes were fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) coding sequence and GUS expression was analysed in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants. The cor6.6 promoter produced a higher basal level of expression than the kin1 promoter in transgenic tobacco. Enzyme assays of inducible GUS activity in transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants showed that GUS activity directed by both kin1 and cor6.6 promoters was significantly induced by ABA, dehydration and osmoticum, but not by low temperature. Northern analysis revealed, in contrast, that GUS mRNA was significantly induced in these transgenic plants by low temperature. Further analysis showed that, at low temperature, GUS protein synthesis from the induced GUS mRNA was inhibited. Together these results reveal induction of kin1 and cor6.6 transcription by low temperature, exogenous ABA and dehydration. However, low-temperature expression is dramatically reduced at the translational level.
...
PMID:Promoters from kin1 and cor6.6, two homologous Arabidopsis thaliana genes: transcriptional regulation and gene expression induced by low temperature, ABA, osmoticum and dehydration. 764 94

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the induction of a dehydration-responsive gene, rd22, is mediated by abscisic acid (ABA) but the gene does not include any sequence corresponding to the consensus ABA-responsive element (ABRE), RYACGTGGYR, in its promoter region. The cis-regulatory region of the rd22 promoter was identified by monitoring the expression of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in leaves of transgenic tobacco plants transformed with chimeric gene fusions constructed between 5'-deleted promoters of rd22 and the coding region of the GUS reporter gene. A 67-bp nucleotide fragment corresponding to positions -207 to -141 of the rd22 promoter conferred responsiveness to dehydration and ABA on a non-responsive promoter. The 67-bp fragment contains the sequences of the recognition sites for some transcription factors, such as MYC, MYB, and GT-1. The fact that accumulation of rd22 mRNA requires protein synthesis raises the possibility that the expression of rd22 might be regulated by one of these trans-acting protein factors whose de novo synthesis is induced by dehydration or ABA. Although the structure of the RD22 protein is very similar to that of a non-storage seed protein, USP, of Vicia faba, the expression of the GUS gene driven by the rd22 promoter in non-stressed transgenic Arabidopsis plants was found mainly in flowers and bolted stems rather than in seeds.
...
PMID:Identification of a cis-regulatory region of a gene in Arabidopsis thaliana whose induction by dehydration is mediated by abscisic acid and requires protein synthesis. 777 45

The genomic clone for BN115, a low-temperature-responsive gene, was isolated from winter Brassica napus and its sequence was determined. A 1.2-kb fragment of the 5' regulatory region (from bp -1107 to +100) was fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and BN115-promoted GUS expression was observed in green tissues of transgenic B. napus plants only after incubation at 2 degrees C. No expression was observed after incubation at 22 degrees C, either in the presence or the absence of ABA. Microprojectile bombardment of winter B. napus leaves with a BN115 promoter/GUS construct yielded similar results and was used to analyze a series of deletions from the 5' end of the promoter. Results obtained from transient expression studies showed that the low-temperature regulation of BN115 expression involves a possible enhancer region between bp -1107 and -802 and a second positive regulatory region located between bp -302 and -274. Deletion analyses and results from replacement with a truncated cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter suggest that the minimal size required for any maintenance of low-temperature GUS expression is a -300-bp fragment. Within this fragment are two 8-bp elements with the sequence TGGCCGAC, which are identical to those present in the positive regulatory region of the promoter of the homologous Arabidopsis cor15a gene and to a 5-bp core sequence in the low-temperature- and dehydration-responsive elements identified in the promoter regions of several cold-responsive Arabidopsis thaliana genes.
...
PMID:Regulation of BN115, a low-temperature-responsive gene from winter Brassica napus. 782 59

The Adh (alcohol dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.1.) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. can be induced by dehydration and cold, as well as by hypoxia. A 1-kb promoter fragment (CADH: -964 to +53) is sufficient to confer the stress induction and tissue-specific developmental expression characteristics of the Adh gene to a beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. Deletion mapping of the 5' end and site-specific mutagenesis identified four regions of the promoter essential for expression under the three stress conditions. Some sequence elements are important for response to all three stress treatments, whereas others are stress specific. The most critical region essential for expression of the Arabidopsis Adh promoter under all three environmental stresses (region IV: -172 to -141) contains sequences homologous to the GT motif (-160 to -152) and the GC motif (-147 to -144) of the maize Adh1 anaerobic responsive element. Region III (-235 to -172) contains two regions shown by R.J. Ferl and B.H. Laughner ([1989] Plant Mol Biol 12: 357-366) to bind regulatory proteins; mutation of the G-box-1 region (5'-CCACGTGG-3', -216 to -209) does not affect expression under uninduced or hypoxic conditions, but significantly reduces induction by cold stress and, to a lesser extent, by dehydration stress. Mutation of the other G-box-like sequence (G-box-2: 5'-CCAAGTGG-3', -193 to -182) does not change hypoxic response and affects cold and dehydration stress only slightly. G-box-2 mutations also promote high levels of expression under uninduced conditions. Deletion of region I (-964 to -510) results in increased expression under uninduced and all stress conditions, suggesting that this region contains a repressor binding site. Region II (-510 to -384) contains a positive regulatory element and is necessary for high expression levels under all treatments.
...
PMID:Differential interactions of promoter elements in stress responses of the Arabidopsis Adh gene. 797 89

An Arabidopsis cDNA (Atmyb2) that contains a sequence that encodes a transcription factor, which is a homolog of MYB, was cloned from a cDNA library prepared from dehydrated Arabidopsis rosette plants. A gene (Atmyb2) corresponding to the Atmyb2 cDNA was also cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. RNA gel blot analysis showed that the Atmyb2 mRNA was induced by dehydration and disappeared upon rehydration. The Atmyb2 mRNA also accumulated upon salt stress and with the onset of treatment with abscisic acid. A beta-glucuronidase reporter gene driven by the Atmyb2 promoter was induced by dehydration and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. These observations indicate that Atmyb2 is responsive to dehydration at the transcriptional level. The putative protein (ATMYB2) encoded by Atmyb2 has 274 amino acids, a molecular mass of 32 kD, and a putative DNA binding domain that shows considerable homology to plant MYB-related proteins, such as maize C1. A fusion protein that included ATMYB2 was expressed in Escherichia coli, and it bound specifically to oligonucleotides that contained a consensus MYB recognition sequence (TAACTG), such as is found in the simian virus 40 enhancer and the maize bronze-1 promoter. Binding was sequence specific, as indicated by a gel mobility shift experiment. These results suggest that a MYB-related transcription factor is involved in the regulation of genes that are responsive to water stress in Arabidopsis.
...
PMID:An Arabidopsis myb homolog is induced by dehydration stress and its gene product binds to the conserved MYB recognition sequence. 831 38


1 2 3 4 Next >>

---