Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate the role of cholangitis in hydrolysis of bilirubin in bile with brown pigment gallstones, bilirubin composition and bacterial growth in hepatic bile with and without cholangitis were studied. The study included 38 brown pigment gallstone cases (28 without cholangitis and 10 with cholangitis). The proportion of unconjugated bilirubin in hepatic bile with cholangitis (16.9 +/- 8.5%, mean +/- SD) was significantly higher than that without cholangitis (3.7 +/- 1.8%, P less than 0.001). A positive correlation was found between bacterial population with beta-glucuronidase activity and the proportion of unconjugated bilirubin in bile in cases of brown pigment stones with cholangitis (P less than 0.05) but not in those without cholangitis despite the fact that bacterial species and population are similar regardless of the presence of cholangitis. In cholangitis, pH of bile becomes lower toward the optimal pH of bacterial beta-glucuronidase. Together the lower concentration of bile acid and the lower pH in bile result in lower solubility of unconjugated bilirubin, promoting its precipitation. Thus occasional bouts of cholangitis may result in periodic deposition of bilirubinate on brown pigment stones with layered structures by inducing cyclic changes of bile composition in situ.
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PMID:Unconjugated bilirubin in hepatic bile with brown pigment gallstones and cholangitis. 304 14

Total and conjugated bilirubin contents of gall-bladder and hepatic biles before and after 24-h incubation at 37 degrees C and beta-glucuronidase activity of hepatic biles were determined in forty-eight patients divided equally into four groups: no stones or control (C), cholesterol stones (CS), black pigment stones (black PS), and brown pigment stones (brown PS). The percent conjugation of bilirubin is lower in gall-bladder biles and hepatic biles after incubation, particularly in black PS and brown PS, when compared with hepatic biles before incubation. Mean endogenous beta-glucuronidase activities at pH 5.2 were 12.0, 15.5, 44.5 and 147.7 nmol min-1 ml-1 for C, CS, black PS, and Brown PS, respectively, which correlated well with the degree of deconjugation of bilirubin in gall-bladder and hepatic biles and with the rate of deconjugation of hepatic bile incubated at 37 degrees C. Only four biles in brown PS exhibited bacterial enzyme activity. We concluded that though bacterial beta-glucuronidase might be responsible for deconjugation of bilirubin in some patients in brown PS, endogenous biliary beta-glucuronidase could play a key role in the pathogenesis of pigment cholelithiasis.
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PMID:Human biliary beta-glucuronidase: correlation of its activity with deconjugation of bilirubin in the bile. 310 Mar 3

This paper presents a review of the clinical significance of juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula in man. The incidence of such diverticula varies considerably in the literature, and possibly depends on the methods of investigation used. Studies show that the incidence of biliary calculi is significantly higher in patients with juxtapapillary diverticula as compared with patients without such diverticula. The assumed higher rate of diverticula in patients with pancreatitis is probably due to the presence of biliary calculi in these patients. Studies have shown that there is an insufficient choledochoduodenal sphincter in patients with diverticula, and also a higher rate of bacterial contamination of the duodenum and bile ducts in these patients. Fecal type flora has been found in most patients with juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula. Further, pigment gallstones have been found in most patients with diverticula, and analyses of these calculi showed that calcium bilirubinate was the main component. Further studies in our laboratory have shown that bacterial cultures produced beta-glucuronidase, a fact which may be connected with the increased frequency of pigment gallstones. Other studies have shown that there is a higher rate of diverticula in patients with recurrent biliary calculi who had undergone cholecystectomy. Recent data have also shown that there is a higher rate of common bile duct calculi in patients with diverticula, than in those without diverticula and without prior cholecystectomy--a fact supporting the theory on the pathogenesis of biliary calculi in patients with juxtapapillary diverticula. Other, and rare complications due to such diverticula are also mentioned.
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PMID:Juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula. 313 98

Beta-glucuronidase activity in the bile may be of importance in the etiology of pigment gallstones. This enzyme is of hepatic or bacterial origin. We have described a method to measure the activity of bacterial beta-glucuronidase in human bile, using 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid as substrate. The method was used to measure the beta-glucuronidase activity in the bile from 51 patients with gallstone disease. This activity was related to the presence of beta-glucuronidase-producing bacteria in the bile. Escherichia coli, Bacteroides species, and Clostridium perfringens were the only species found to produce beta-glucuronidase. Patients with beta-glucuronidase-producing bacteria had on an average significantly higher enzyme activity in the bile than patients without such bacteria (p less than 0.01). The limitations of using artificial substrates in this type of studies are discussed.
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PMID:Beta-glucuronidase activity related to bacterial growth in common bile duct bile in gallstone patients. 334 3

The role of bilirubin conjugates in the formation of pigment gallstones is not known. In this study, we completely solubilized and then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography specimens of black pigment gallstones from eight nb/nb mice with hereditary hemolytic anemia. Each dried gallstone specimen of about 200 micrograms was dissolved in 5 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide/0.15 M HCI/50 mM disodium-EDTA (8:1:1 by volume) at room temperature. Stone dissolution was complete by 30 min as monitored by the A456 and direct observation, and no oxidative products of bilirubin were observed in the visible spectrum, 350 to 750 nm. By high-performance liquid chromatography, the intact tetrapyrroles were separated as diconjugated and monoconjugated bilirubins; unconjugated bilirubin was resolved as XIII, IX and III alpha-isomers. The isocratic solvent system used was 0.1 M di-n-dodecylamine acetate/0.1 M di-n-octylamine acetate (4:1, v/v) in methanol, pH 7.4, at a flow of 1 ml per min. Diconjugated bilirubin accounted for 6.0 +/- 2.4 molar % (mean +/- S.E.), monoconjugated bilirubin for 37.4 +/- 8.4% and unconjugated bilirubin for 56.3 +/- 8.9% of the solubilized pigments. The IX alpha-isomer represented 96 +/- 1.9% of the unconjugated bilirubin. The presence of bilirubin conjugates in gallstones was confirmed by ethylanthranilate diazotization: the conjugated azodipyrrole in stone had the same retention time as that of conjugated azodipyrrole from rat and mouse bile. A majority of the bilirubin conjugates was sensitive to beta-glucuronidase of liver origin, indicating that the C-1 glucuronide ester was present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Monoconjugated bilirubin is a major component of hemolysis-induced gallstones in mice. 339 22

We identified the bacteria in the bile and measured the activity of bacterial beta-glucuronidase and analyzed the percentage of bilirubin glucuronide and unconjugated bilirubin by high performance liquid chromatography in the bile of human biliary stone disease. The percentage of positive bacterial infection in the bile are 72.0% with calcium bilirubinate gallstone, and 42.3% with cholesterol gallstone. The activity of beta-Glucuronidase (U/dl.hr.) was significantly higher in the bile of calcium bilirubinate gallstone than that of cholesterol gallstone (7013 +/- 5113 vs 3338 +/- 2615, mean +/- S.D.). Also, the percentage of unconjugated bilirubin (IX alpha) of the bile was significantly higher in calcium bilirubinate gallstone than in cholesterol gallstone (5.7 +/- 4.7% vs 2.6 +/- 2.0%, mean +/- S.D.). The beta-Glucuronidase activity of bacteria was as follows; E. coli 18752, K. pneumoniae 333, E.cloacae 124, S.faecalis 324, and B.fragilis 983. After 60 minutes' incubation at 37 degrees C of normal bile with E.coli, the percentage of unconjugated bilirubin (IX alpha) increased from 1.1% to 9.1%. Whereas, the other four bacteria did not increase the unconjugated bilirubin at all. We confirmed that the increase of unconjugated bilirubin caused by the high bacterial beta-Glucuronidase activity was the most important factor in the formation of calcium bilirubinate gallstone.
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PMID:[Clinical and experimental studies on the formation of calcium bilirubinate gallstones]. 357 76

Pigment gallstones contain considerable amounts of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) in the form of calcium bilirubinate and/or bilirubin polymers. Since more than 98% of bile pigments are excreted as conjugates of bilirubin, the source of this UCB needs to be identified. By using a rapid h.p.l.c. method, we compared the non-enzymic hydrolysis of bilirubin monoglucuronide (BMG) and bilirubin diglucuronide (BDG) to UCB in model bile and in native guinea-pig bile. Model biles containing 50 microM solutions of pure BMG and BDG were individually incubated in 25 mM-sodium taurocholate (NaTC) and 0.4 M-imidazole/5 mM-ascorbate buffer (TC-BUF) at 37 degrees C. Over an 8 h period, BMG hydrolysis produced 4-6 times more UCB than BDG hydrolysis. At pH 7.4, 25% of the BMG was converted into UCB, whereas only 4.5% of BDG was converted into UCB. Hydrolysis rates for both BMG and BDG followed the pH order 7.8 greater than 7.6 approximately equal to 7.4 greater than 7.1 Incubation with Ca2+ (6.2 mM) at pH 7.4 in TC-BUF resulted in precipitated bile pigment which, at 100 X magnification, appeared similar to precipitates seen in the bile of patients with pigment gallstones. At pH 7.4, lecithin (crude phosphatidylcholine) (4.2 mM) was a potent inhibitor of hydrolysis of BMG and BDG. The addition of a concentration of cholesterol equimolar with that of lecithin eliminated this inhibitory effect. Guinea-pig gallbladder bile incubated with glucaro-1,4-lactone (an inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase) underwent hydrolysis similar to the model bile systems. The non-enzymic hydrolysis of bile pigments, especially BMG, may be an important mechanism of bile-pigment precipitation and, ultimately, of gallstone formation.
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PMID:Non-enzymic hydrolysis of bilirubin mono- and diglucuronide to unconjugated bilirubin in model and native bile systems. Potential role in the formation of gallstones. 359 51

Bilirubin present in gallstones is mainly in the unconjugated form despite the frequent absence of bacteria in bile. The aim of the present study was to determine if nonbacterial beta-glucuronidase activity and/or nonenzymatic hydrolysis is responsible. Inflammatory cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes appearing with the presence of brown pigment gallstones and inflammation in biliary tract was shown to effect deconjugation of bilirubin conjugates in bile and contribute to their formation in addition to that of bacterial beta-glucuronidase. Gallbladder bile (mean +/- SD, 4.0 +/- 1.6%, N = 29) contained more unconjugated bilirubin than hepatic bile (mean +/- SD, 2.7 +/- 1.1%). In vitro experiments showed the deconjugation to take place during incubation at 37 degrees C without the presence of bacteria. Therefore, transformation of conjugated to unconjugated bilirubin is likely to take place in vivo during the storage in gallbladder, and nonbacterial beta-glucuronidase activity and/or nonenzymatic hydrolysis may be responsible for such transformation.
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PMID:Nonbacterial transformation of bilirubin in bile. 360 28

This paper reports the occurrence of beta-glucuronidase-producing bacteria in the bile in gallstone patients treated with endoscopic papillotomy (EPT). The study included 36 patients--18 women and 18 men, aged 43-87 years, with a median of 72.5 years. Bile sampling was done with an endoscopic technique. All bacterial strains were tested for beta-glucuronidase activity with a rapid chromogenic tablet test, using 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid as substrate. Bacterial growth was found in the bile in 35 patients. Of 103 strains isolated, 30 produced beta-glucuronidase. Twenty-five of the patients had at least one beta-glucuronidase-producing strain in the bile. All 26 strains of Escherichia coli were producing the enzyme. Both strains in the Bacteroides fragilis group and one out of two strains of Clostridium perfringens were producing beta-glucuronidase. The activity of the bacterial beta-glucuronidase was found within the pH range of the bile in these patients. A relationship between the presence of beta-glucuronidase-producing bacteria in the bile and pigment gallstone is suggested.
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PMID:Beta-glucuronidase-producing bacteria in bile from the common bile duct in patients treated with endoscopic papillotomy for gallstone disease. 371 93

The levels of pancreatic digestive enzymes, lysosomal hydrolases, and protease inhibitors were evaluated in ascites fluid from 24 patients with acute pancreatitis diagnosed as alcoholic, gallstone-induced, or idiopathic. In this group the concentrations of amylase (354 +/- 98 ng/ml), immunoreactive cationic trypsinogen (1840 +/- 238 ng/ml), and immunoreactive elastase 2 (1492 +/- 262 ng/ml) were greatly elevated in comparison to the corresponding serum values. Enzyme levels in ascites from the idiopathic pancreatitis group tended to be higher than the levels from the other two groups. Activity of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase was significantly higher in ascites compared to serum in all groups. On the other hand, levels of immunoreactive alpha 1-protease inhibitor and alpha 2-macroglobulin in ascites fluid were about half the average concentrations reported for normal serum. Significant amounts of tryptic amidase activity (61.7 +/- 13.7 micrograms/ml) were observed, indicating a trypsin-alpha 2-macroglobulin complex. These data indicate an imbalance in the protease-to-inhibitor ratio in ascites fluid from patients with acute pancreatitis. Coupled with elevated ribonuclease activity (27.4 +/- 3.4 units), a positive methemalbumin test in 23 of 24 patients (1.1 +/- 0.4 mg hematin/100 ml), and an average protein concentration of 4.0 +/- 0.2 g/100 ml, these observations demonstrate that abdominal paracentesis and the biochemical analyses of ascites fluid provide useful information related to the biochemical events in acute pancreatitis and may be useful in the diagnosis of difficult cases, but their predictive value of severity remains to be established.
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PMID:Biochemical studies in peritoneal fluid from patients with acute pancreatitis. Relationship to etiology. 381 84


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