Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated the changes in polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) subpopulations that accompany severe bacterial infection and examined their usefulness as a parameter for assessing the severity of infection. The Percoll density gradient was used to fractionate neutrophils into subpopulations of high density (1.09-1.10), intermediate density (1.08-1.09), and low density (1.07-1.08) with the majority of neutrophils from normal volunteers being of high density. By contrast, neutrophils from infected patients were of intermediate or low density, while those from severely infected patients showed a high percentage of the low density fraction with functional changes in lower chemotactic and beta-gulcuronidase activity. When each density subpopulation in the normal blood neutrophils was tested, low density PMNs had the lowest chemotaxis and minimal beta-glucuronidase activity. These results indicate that the increase in low density PMNs in patients with severe infection clearly reflects the functional impairment of PMNs. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the neutrophils from severely infected patients had an decrease in CD10 expression. The percentage of CD10 positive PMNs correlated well with the severity of infection and with the clinical course of the patients. Thus, we conclude that PMN-density and CD10 expression change during severe bacterial infection, and that the measurement of PMN-subpopulations may be used to complement the clinical assessment of the severity of infections.
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PMID:The increase of low density subpopulations and CD10 (CALLA) negative neutrophils in severely infected patients. 139 43

To study the molecular responses of the host legume during early stages of the symbiotic interaction with Rhizobium, we have cloned and characterized the infection-related early nodulin gene MtENOD12 from Medicago truncatula. In situ hybridization experiments have shown that, within the indeterminate Medicago nodule, transcription of the MtENOD12 gene begins in cell layers of meristematic origin that lie ahead of the infection zone, suggesting that these cells are undergoing preparation for bacterial infection. Histochemical analysis of transgenic alfalfa plants that express an MtENOD12 promoter-beta-glucuronidase gene fusion has confirmed this result and further revealed that MtENOD12 gene transcription occurs as early as 3 to 6 hr following inoculation with R. meliloti in a zone of differentiating root epidermal cells which lies close to the growing root tip. It is likely that this transient, nodulation (nod) gene-dependent activation of the ENOD12 gene also corresponds to the preparation of the plant for bacterial infection. We anticipate that this extremely precocious response to Rhizobium will provide a valuable molecular marker for studying early signal exchange between the two symbiotic organisms.
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PMID:Rhizobium meliloti elicits transient expression of the early nodulin gene ENOD12 in the differentiating root epidermis of transgenic alfalfa. 144 69

A comparative study of Bacteroides fragilis and E. coli bacterial infection in the biliary tract in relation to the pathogenesis of pigment stone formation was carried out on the basis of gallstone rabbit's model of anaerobic bacterial infection. One hundred and twenty Japanese hybrid big-ear white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: 14 in control group, 31 in B. fragilis (BF) group, 42 in E. coli group and 33 in the mixed group. In the experimental groups we successfully made gallstone formation in aerobic, anaerobic and mixed bacterial infections in biliary tracts respectively. On 7, 15 and 30 postoperative days the survival rabbits were sacrificed for investigations. Our experiments demonstrated that the incidence and amount of stone formation in the mixed group were the highest among the experiment groups. The key point to preclude stone formation was to control the bacterial infection in the biliary tract as early as possible. The results suggested that the ability of production of beta-glucuronidase in BF group was significantly higher than that in E. coli group. The author considered that BF was more important than E. coli in the pathogenesis of calcium bilirubinate gallstone formation.
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PMID:[A comparative study of Bacteroides fragilis and E. coli related to the pathogenesis of calcium bilirubinate gallstones]. 181 25

The aim of the present study is to determine the beta-glucuronidase changes in bile and hepatobiliary tissue of rabbit model having pigment gallstone by means of biochemical and enzymehistochemical assay methods. The result showed both of the bacterial and non-bacterial beta-glucuronidase take part in the course of pigment gallstone formation. The bacterial beta-glucuronidase level increased quickly before the formation of gallstone, then decreased with control of bacterial infection. Non-bacterial beta-glucuronidase increased slowly in pro-formation stage of gallstone, then kept high level for long period of time. The relationship between beta-glucuronidase and pigment gallstone formation is also discussed.
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PMID:[The changes of beta-glucuronidase in rabbit model with calcium bilirubinate stone]. 220 52

The in vitro functions of highly purified blood monocytes were studied in 11 patients suffering from acute bacterial infections (e.g. erysipelas, appendicitis, abscesses). Chemotaxis, superoxide-anion generation, and beta-glucuronidase release of the patients' monocytes in response to the receptor-dependent stimuli formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), complement split product C5a, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and opsonized zymosan particles were measured. All the patients were examined in a follow-up study during the course of illness. A group of 33 healthy volunteers served as control. The patients revealed a transient decrease in monocyte chemotactic migration in response to all stimuli between days 3 and 5 after onset of clinical symptoms. Superoxide-anion generation from patients' monocytes was found to be enhanced 3 days after impaired chemotaxis. Stimulated release of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase showed a decrease in the first days of the disease. However, spontaneous beta-glucuronidase release was enhanced between days 3 and 7 in the patients' monocytes. Serial measurements of monocyte responsiveness. These results indicate a distinct modulation of monocyte functions during the course of an acute bacterial infection. Changes in monocyte maturity and/or activation under inflammatory conditions may be responsible for these alterations in monocyte function.
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PMID:Modulation of human monocyte functions during acute bacterial infection. 284 55

We identified the bacteria in the bile and measured the activity of bacterial beta-glucuronidase and analyzed the percentage of bilirubin glucuronide and unconjugated bilirubin by high performance liquid chromatography in the bile of human biliary stone disease. The percentage of positive bacterial infection in the bile are 72.0% with calcium bilirubinate gallstone, and 42.3% with cholesterol gallstone. The activity of beta-Glucuronidase (U/dl.hr.) was significantly higher in the bile of calcium bilirubinate gallstone than that of cholesterol gallstone (7013 +/- 5113 vs 3338 +/- 2615, mean +/- S.D.). Also, the percentage of unconjugated bilirubin (IX alpha) of the bile was significantly higher in calcium bilirubinate gallstone than in cholesterol gallstone (5.7 +/- 4.7% vs 2.6 +/- 2.0%, mean +/- S.D.). The beta-Glucuronidase activity of bacteria was as follows; E. coli 18752, K. pneumoniae 333, E.cloacae 124, S.faecalis 324, and B.fragilis 983. After 60 minutes' incubation at 37 degrees C of normal bile with E.coli, the percentage of unconjugated bilirubin (IX alpha) increased from 1.1% to 9.1%. Whereas, the other four bacteria did not increase the unconjugated bilirubin at all. We confirmed that the increase of unconjugated bilirubin caused by the high bacterial beta-Glucuronidase activity was the most important factor in the formation of calcium bilirubinate gallstone.
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PMID:[Clinical and experimental studies on the formation of calcium bilirubinate gallstones]. 357 76

Hepatolithiasis is associated with bile stasis and bacterial infection. Gallstones found in the intrahepatic bile duct are mostly calcium bilirubinate stones, the presence of which is closely related to the presence of bacteria. In the present study, a high incidence of bile infection was found in hepatolithiasis: 52 of 54 cases (96.3%). This is in concordance with the other reports from Japan as well as from East Asia. E coli was the most frequent isolate followed by Klebsiella, Streptococcus (D), and Pseudomonas. Because of the frequent isolation of E coli in calcium bilirubinate stone cases, beta-glucuronidase from E coli has been thought to be responsible for the formation of calcium bilirubinate stones by effecting hydrolysis of bilirubin glucuronide to free bilirubin, which is insoluble in water. The recent introduction of improved anaerobic culture techniques has led to an increasing number of reports on the presence of anaerobes in the biliary tract. Anaerobes were isolated in 6 of 29 cases of hepatolithiasis (20.7%) in our series but more frequently in Kaohsiung, Taiwan (25 of 57 cases, or 44.4%). Bacteroides and Clostridium were the most frequent isolates from the biliary tract and were shown to have beta-glucuronidase activity. Anaerobes were often found together with aerobes, suggesting the possibility of a synergistic effect that may influence the occurrence and development of cholangitis, which is often associated with hepatolithiasis. Though the biliary tract and liver are usually sterile, when an infection of the biliary tract occurs the route by which bacteria reach the region is thought to be hematogenous, lymphatic, or direct intraluminal ascending infection, the last being the most likely. Treatment of cholangitis associated with hepatolithiasis should be directed toward the removal of stones and termination of bile stasis. When cholangitis ensues, control of bacterial infection by antibiotics should be started without delay. The choice of antibiotics in controlling cholangitis is presented.
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PMID:Bacteriology of hepatolithiasis. 638 75

The calcium bilirubinate stone is the typical gallstone found in patients with hepatolithiasis; a series of studies on the formation of stones have been performed by Maki [1966, 1982]. Results of chemical analysis and clinical factors lend support to Maki's bacterial beta-glucuronidase theory [Maki, 1966]. However, besides calcium bilirubinate these stones also contain other components such as fatty acids and free bile acids. The presence of these components indicates bacterial involvement, which is proved by the decomposition of the lecithine in bile to fatty acids by phospholipase A and the formation of free bile acids by deconjugation of the conjugated bile acids. In the formation of calcium bilirubinate stones, it is believed that diet [Matsushiro et al, 1977] and bacterial infections accompanying biliary stasis are important inducing elements. Since these stones are formed mainly in the bile ducts and recurrence rates are likely to be high, it is important from the therapeutic viewpoint to remove these inducing factors. However, it is still uncertain whether bacterial infection accompanying biliary stasis should be considered as an inducing factor in the development of fatty acid-calcium stones. More than 90% of all cholesterol and black stones are found in the gallbladder. However, when these stones are found in the intrahepatic bile ducts, it is still not clear whether they are expelled from the gallbladder or formed initially in the intrahepatic bile ducts. In patients who have cholesterol stones filling the entire biliary tract, it is difficult to conceive that these gallstones are first expelled from the gallbladder. In addition, in patients with black stones, the stones are located only in the dilated bile ducts, and stenosis of the bile duct is often recognized in the excisional stump of the liver at lateral segmentectomy. In these cases, the expulsion of stones from the gallbladder seems rather improbable. Different types of gallstones show a tendency to occur in certain regions; however, gallstones may be formed in almost any part of the biliary system if conditions are favorable. It can be concluded that the pathogenesis of hepatolithiasis may not be clarified only by analysis of the intrahepatic gallstones. In addition, an understanding of the formation of different types of gallstones may contribute to elucidation of the pathogenesis of hepatolithiasis.
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PMID:Types and chemical composition of intrahepatic stones. 647 92

Currently, the incidence of the upper stenotic type and intrahepatic stenotic type have been increasing in number. These changes may be attributed to the improvements of the diagnostic tools for hepatobiliary diseases, especially in the progress of imaging methods. In view of the type of gallstone, most intrahepatic gallstones are the calcium bilirubinate stones generated on the basis of bile stasis and bacterial infection. For the formation of calcium bilirubinate stones the mutual relationship of bacterial beta-glucuronidase and glucaro-1, 4-lactone in the bile is thought to important. Free bile acids and fatty acids are detected in fairly large amount in calcium bilirubinate stones. This suggests that precipitation of calcium bilirubinate in the bile may coincidently occur with the deconjugation of the conjugated bile acids and decomposition of lecithin. In the formation of calcium bilirubinate stones, it is believed that diet and bacterial infection accompanying biliary stasis are important inducements. Since these stones are formed mainly in bile ducts and recurrence rates are likely to high, it is important to remove these inducements from therapeutic viewpoint.
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PMID:[Infected bile and intrahepatic gallstones]. 650 69

For a study of the interactions of strenuous physical exercise (daily swimming to exhaustion) and a viral as compared with a bacterial infection with regard to the clinical course and the biochemical response of the myocardium, influenza and tularemia of similar lethality were used in mice. In both infections, expected infection-induced catabolic alterations in the ventricular myocardium were evident 2 days before median lethality was achieved, with a more pronounced wasting in influenza than in tularemia. Exercise before inoculation (preconditioning) was beneficial in that the catabolic effects of both infections were limited and lethality in influenza was reduced. Thus, the myocardial protein-degrading effect of influenza did not occur with preconditioning, and oxidative tissue enzyme activities decreased less. In tularemia, cytochrome c oxidase activity was fully preserved with preconditioning, and activation of catalase was less pronounced. Exercise during ongoing infection counteracted the infection-induced decrease in the activities of glycolytic and oxidative enzymes in tularemia, but lethality and bacterial counts in the spleen were uninfluenced. Conversely, exhaustive exercise in influenza increased lethality and had no significant effect on cardiac enzymes. These exercise models caused no major alterations in activation of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin D).
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PMID:Modifying effects of exercise on clinical course and biochemical response of the myocardium in influenza and tularemia in mice. 674 2


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