Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
 7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyses the first step in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, which form a wide variety of plant secondary products. The transcription of PAL is regulated in response to various factors that induce the accumulation of flavonoids, lignin and compounds thought to be involved in plant defence reactions. The 5' upstream sequence of a PAL gene from Phaseolus vulgaris was fused to the coding region of the reporter gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS), and transformed into potato and tobacco plants. Histochemical analysis of GUS expression showed that the PAL promoter was active in specific cell types that accumulated phenylpropanoid derivatives in response to mechanical wounding, and also during normal development of the xylem and flower. In xylem that had undergone secondary thickening, GUS activity occurred in rays of cells thought to be the xylem parenchyma. It was postulated that PAL activity in these cells could provide intermediates for lignin synthesis in xylem vessels that had terminally differentiated.
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PMID:Tissue- and cell-specific activity of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase promoter in transgenic plants. 279 72

We have constructed chimaeric genes consisting of sequences encoding the transit peptide and 4, 16, 24, 53 or 126 amino-terminal residues of the mature chlorophyll a/b binding (Cab) apoprotein fused to the Escherichia coli gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS). These genes were introduced into tobacco plants and the fate of the fusion proteins they encode was analysed. Less than 1% of the total activity of fusion proteins containing the transit peptide and 4 (FP4) or 16 (FP16) amino-terminal amino acids of the mature Cab protein was associated with chloroplasts. Moreover, FP4 appears to be unprocessed. This is in striking contrast to fusion proteins containing the transit peptide and 24 (FP24), 53 (FP53) or 126 (FP126) amino-terminal residues of the mature Cab polypeptide. Approximately 98%, 96% or 75%, respectively, of the total activity of these fusion proteins was associated with purified intact chloroplasts, and protease protection experiments showed that of this, approximately 98%, 87% or 50%, respectively, was located within this organelle. Furthermore, both FP24 and FP53 appear to be processed. However, less than 10% of the activity of those fusion proteins translocated into chloroplasts was associated with thylakoid membranes.
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PMID:Targeting a foreign protein to chloroplasts using fusions to the transit peptide of a chlorophyll a/b protein. 307 42

We have shown the expression of transformed genes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using a new gene fusion system. Vectors consisting of the flanking regions of a collagen gene (col-1) or a major sperm protein gene of C. elegans fused to the Escherichia coli uidA gene, encoding beta-glucuronidase, were microinjected into worms and found to be propagated as high-copy extrachromosomal tandem arrays. We have detected beta-glucuronidase activity in transformed lines, and have shown that the activity is dependent upon the correct reading frame of the construction and on the presence of the worm sequences. The enzyme activity was shown to be encoded by the chimeric beta-glucuronidase gene by co-segregation analysis and by inactivation with specific antisera. Expression is at a very low level, and seems to be constitutive. We have used histochemical techniques to visualize the enzyme activity in embryos.
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PMID:Expression of chimeric genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. 329 56

Trichloroethylene, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were quantitated in blood and urine by automated headspace gas chromatography using a fused-silica capillary column coated with 3-micron silicone SE-30 and an electron-capture detector. Total trichloroethanol was determined after enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and analysed together with trichloroethylene and TCA as chloroform, which are produced by decarboxylation. Analytical conditions were developed under which the thermal decomposition of TCA was optimal. The automated headspace gas chromatography is rapid and good precision is possible. Sample preparation is simple and the sensitivity of the procedure (0.02 microgram/ml) makes it suitable to estimate occupational exposure to trichloroethylene and other halocarbons in humans.
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PMID:Automatic headspace gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of trichloroethylene and metabolites in blood and urine. 341 22

125I-labeled rat preputial gland beta-glucuronidase was shown by light and electron microscopic radioautography to accumulate within the parasitophorous vacuoles of in vitro derived bone marrow macrophages infected with Leishmania mexicana amazonensis. beta-glucuronidase uptake was mediated by the mannose receptor, since the penetration of the ligand was inhibited by mannan. Uptake was detected as soon as 4 h after incubation of infected cells with the ligand, and increased at 24 and 48 h. The label persisted in the vacuoles for at least 24 h after a 24-h pulse with the ligand, a finding compatible with the relatively long half-life of labeled beta-glucuronidase in normal macrophages. Parasitophorous vacuoles were also labeled in macrophages exposed to the ligand only before infection, indicating that secondary lysosomes containing the ligand fused with the parasitophorous vacuoles. Another mannosylated ligand, mannose-BSA, which, in contrast to beta-glucuronidase, is rapidly degraded in macrophage lysosomes, did not detectably accumulate in the vacuoles. The results support and extend information previously obtained with electron opaque tracers that emphasizes the phagolysosomal nature of Leishmania parasitophorous vacuoles. In addition, the results suggest that appropriate mannosylated molecules may be used as carriers for targeting of leishmanicidal drugs to the parasitophorous vacuoles of infected macrophages.
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PMID:Receptor-mediated entry of beta-glucuronidase into the parasitophorous vacuoles of macrophages infected with Leishmania mexicana amazonensis. 630 25

A new possible pathogenesis of gallstones is described. The theory is based on the presence of indolic melanin precursors in biological fluids. It is proposed that the increased concentration of these compounds in bile could lead to the formation of melanin polymer as a network nucleus for a future concrement. An activation of the pigmentary system (e.g. insolation, gravidity) and the presence of hydrolytic enzymes (beta-glucuronidase and/or arylsulphatase) in biliary tract might belong to the risk factors of gallstone formation. The detection of 5-hydroxy-6-methoxyindolyl-2-carboxylic acid in bile and 5,6-dihydroxyindole in the extract of an alkali fused gallstone provided the first support of this theory.
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PMID:A new possible pathogenesis of some gallstones. 647 56

Auxotrophic mutants of C. albicans obtained by the method described by Henson and McClary (1979) were conditioned in a tris buffered EDTA-dithiothreitol solution then converted to protoplasts by suspension in osmotically stabilized buffer containing beta-glucuronidase. Complementary protoplasts were mixed in an osmotically stabilized polyethylene glycol solution and at appropriate times were plated respectively in osmotically stabilized minimal and complete agar media. From colony counts resulting from growth on the respective media, the proportion of fused complementary protoplasts (prototrophic colonies) to the total viable number of colony forming units was determined. Stability tests of selected colonies from the minimal and complete agar revealed multiple revertants, but the numbers declined to low frequencies upon repeated selective plating and isolation. Acridine orange staining of cultures thus stabilized revealed various sizes of cells with their numbers of nuclei (DNA-staining regions) varying from one to five, such that it was not determined whether the prototrophic cultures were monokaryons, heterokaryons or a mixture of the two.
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PMID:Selection and fusion of auxotrophic protoplasts of Candida albicans. 704 83

Left kidneys of rats were made ischemic for 25 minutes and proximal tubule brush border alterations studied in the S1 and S2 segments. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that brush border microvilli became unstable, fused with one another, and were interiorized into proximal tubule cytoplasm soon after reflow of blood following ischemia. Rapid regeneration followed; scanning electron microscopy showed that regeneration occurred in a fashion whereby clusters of microvilli in flower-like configurations were extruded from the cell interior toward the surface. Such unique patterns of microvillus formation have not been reported before. Activity of the brush border enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and maltase, were not significantly depressed throughout the cycle of brush border loss and regeneration. Likewise, there were no alterations in the activity of beta-glucuronidase, a lysosomal enzyme. Alkaline phosphatase cytochemistry showed that microvillus membranes that were interiorized into the cell cytoplasm retained enzyme activity on their surfaces during the early period of brush border loss as well as during regeneration. These results strongly suggest that in reversibly injured proximal tubule cells regeneration of the brush border occurs primarily by a process of recycling of damaged, previously incorporated membrane. The nature of the initial membrane damage and the mechanism of recycling remain unknown.
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PMID:Mechanism of proximal tubule brush border loss and regeneration following mild renal ischemia. 730 Feb 48

Glycine decarboxylase is a mitochondrial enzyme complex, which is the site of photorespiratory CO2 and NH3 release. Although the proteins that constitute the complex are located within the mitochondria, because of their intimate association with photosynthesis their expression is controlled by light. Comparisons of the kinetics of mRNA accumulation between the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the H-protein of glycine decarboxylase during the greening of etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that their expression is controlled in parallel. A genomic clone for the H-protein (gdcH) was isolated from Arabidopsis and sequenced. The upstream region from -856 to +62 was fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and this construct was transformed into tobacco. This 5' upstream regulatory region appears to control GUS expression in a manner very similar to that of the endogenous H-protein gene. Constructs with deletions in the 5' upstream region were transformed into tobacco. These deletions revealed that light-dependent and tissue-specific expression was largely controlled by a 259-bp region between -376 and -117 bp. This region contains several putative GT boxes with the GGTTAA consensus core sequence. Once these strong light-dependent elements were removed, a second level of control was revealed. In constructs in which the gdcH 5' regulatory region was shortened to -117 bp or less, there was more GUS activity in the roots than in the leaves, and in dark-grown plants than in light-grown plants. This suggests that more proximal control elements may be responsible for the constitutive low levels of gene expression noted in all nonphotosynthetic tissues.
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PMID:Light-dependent and tissue-specific expression of the H-protein of the glycine decarboxylase complex. 748 Mar 20

The HRGP4.1 gene, which encodes a cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, was isolated from a genomic library of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Two transcripts, one induced by wounding and one by elicitation, were transcribed from the same initiation site. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 580 amino acids with the amino terminal half consisting of repeats of the sequence serine-(proline)4-lysine-histidine-serine-(proline)4-(tyrosine)3-histidi ne and the carboxyl-terminal half composed of repeats of the sequence serine-(proline)4-valine-tyrosine-lysine-tyrosine-lysine. A 964-bp upstream promoter fragment was translationally fused to the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene (Escherichia coli uidA) and transferred into tobacco by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated leaf disc transformation. Analysis of beta-glucuronidase activity showed that wounding caused local activation of the HRGP4.1 promoter in the phloem. Infection by tobacco mosaic virus was a less effective inducer than wounding. Stress induction was superimposed on tissue-specific developmental expression in stem nodes and root tips, suggesting that HRGP4.1 may have specific structural roles in development as well as protective functions in defense. Deletion analysis showed that control of tissue specificity and wound inducibility lies in a region between -94 and -251 relative to the transcription start site and that activation by infection lies outside that region.
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PMID:Stress activation of a bean hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein promoter is superimposed on a pattern of tissue-specific developmental expression. 748 Mar 31


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