Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.26 (invertase)
 4,927 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of supplementing a cornsoybean diet (C) with glucose (G) or maltose (M) on young broilers (from hatch to 3 wk of age) affected by stunting syndrome (SS) was studied. Stunting syndrome was induced by orally administering an inoculum prepared from the intestines of SS broiler chicks. Relative to the M diet, the G diet improved growth and feed utilization and increased feed intake in naive (NA) control chickens. The C diet was intermediate in this respect. In contrast to the NA chickens, diet did not affect growth or feed utilization in SS chicks. Changes in the relative weights of the gastrointestinal tract segments were evident by 1 wk of age and hypertrophy of these segments persevered to 3 wk of age. Stunting syndrome infection was accompanied by a significant increase in pancreatic trypsin-specific activity during Weeks 1 and 2, and in chymotrypsin activity at 1 wk. During this time, amylase-specific activity was not affected. At 3 wk of age, the specific activities of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the pancreas were lower in the inoculated vs control birds. Whereas no significant effect of SS was observed with activities of amylase in the intestinal contents, trypsin activity was higher in SS chicks at 1 wk, and that of chymotrypsin lower during Weeks 2 and 3. Relative to NA chicks, the maltase and saccharase activities of SS chicks were much lower during Week 1, but increased later on and were similar to NA chick values at 2 and 3 wk. Whereas the level of blood plasma proteins did not vary from 1 to 3 wk in the NA chicks, it increased gradually in SS chicks to a level that significantly exceeded that in their NA counterparts. Blood plasma glucose and triglyceride levels were slightly lower in the SS chicks (NS), and the blood plasma cholesterol level was significantly reduced during Week 2. Relative to NA chicks, SS infection caused a significant increase in plasma calcium during Weeks 2 and 3, accompanied by a significant reduction in blood plasma phosphorus at 2 wk only. No difference was observed in the blood plasma level of uric acid, which peaked in both treatments during Week 2, or in D-beta-hydroxybutyric acid level, which was quite stable during the experimental period. Stunting syndrome infection was accompanied by a dramatic increase in amylase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the blood plasma, and by a slight but significant decrease in activity of lactic dehydrogenase. Stunting syndrome was concluded to be an affliction not only of digestion but also of metabolism. The main depression in growth caused by SS inoculation is probably due to metabolic alterations beyond those of digestion and absorption.
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PMID:Stunting syndrome in broilers: effect of glucose or maltose supplementation on digestive organs, intestinal disaccharidases, and some blood metabolites. 905 21

Feed efficiency in rats fed a low soybean protein isolate (SPI) diet (100 g/kg diet) was dramatically improved with the supplementation of L-methionine (3 g/kg diet). Pancreatic amylase activity was low in rats fed a low SPI diet, and was much higher in the supplemented group than in the non-supplemented group. Pancreatic trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen contents (as activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin) were not changed with the methionine supplementation. In the small intestine, sucrase and leucine aminopeptidase in the jejunum and ileum were not clearly changed. In conclusion, a small amount of methionine supplemented to a low SPI diet especially induced pancreatic amylase among digestive enzymes. The factor involved in nutritional status, not the physiological action of methionine itself, may contribute the induction of amylase.
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PMID:Supplementation of methionine to a low soybean protein diet strikingly increases pancreatic amylase activity in rats. 915 Dec 50

Responses to stunting syndrome (SS) infective material obtained from affected broilers and administered per os were monitored for 3 wk in a fast-growing commercial broiler population, in slow-growing Leghorn chicks, and in turkey poults. At 2 and 3 wk, the size of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments, the pH of the GIT contents, and the activities of digestive enzymes in the intestinal contents and of disaccharidases on the jejunum mucosae were determined. Inoculation affected the genetic stocks differently. In broiler chicks, growth and feed utilization were markedly reduced. In contrast, inoculation of Leghorns was accompanied by improved feed intake and growth rate. Performance of poults was affected only slightly, albeit significantly. The effect of inoculation on the pH of crop and intestinal contents in Leghorn chicks was opposite to that found in broiler chicks, i.e., a significant increase in the crop and small intestinal pH in the former vs a significant decrease in inoculated broilers. Although inoculation of the broiler chicks did not affect the pH in the proventriculus, in Leghorn chicks it was reduced by 25%. In poults, inoculation did not significantly affect GIT contents pH. The GIT segments were markedly enlarged in broiler chicks, whereas in Leghorn chicks the opposite trend was observed; namely, intestinal segment weights were significantly reduced. In poults, inoculation caused a reduction in the intestinal segments and gizzard weight at 3 wk. During this same period, the liver and pancreas relative weights were dramatically increased in broiler chicks. A higher relative heart weight at 2 wk was observed in broilers and poults; this trend persisted to Week 3 in poults but not in broiler chicks. In broiler chicks, a nonsignificant reduction was observed for all enzymes assayed at 3 wk and for chymotrypsin at 2 wk. In Leghorn chicks, inoculation was accompanied by a marked and significant increase in the activity of chymotrypsin during both periods. In poults, inoculation caused a marked increase in the activities of amylase during Week 2 and 3, and trypsin at 3 wk. Maltase and saccharase activities in the jejunum of broiler chicks were slightly depressed a t 2 and 3 wk, the depression being significant at 2 wk for maltase and at 3 wk for saccharase. In the Leghorn chicks, inoculation caused a twofold increase in the activities of both enzymes. As in Leghorns, inoculation of poults with SS infective material caused a marked increase in the activities of the disaccharidases. The different responses to SS inoculation in the different genetic stocks are discussed.
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PMID:Stunting syndrome in broilers: effect of stunting syndrome inoculum obtained from stunting syndrome affected broilers, on broilers, leghorns and turkey poults. 949 86

Modulation of gut function is important in an ecological and evolutionary context because it likely determines what food items an animal can and cannot eat. We examined how diet affects activity of digestive enzymes in an omnivorous bird, the pine warbler (Dendroica pinus). Pine warblers were fed insect-based, fruit-based, and seed-based diets for approximately 54 d. We then measured activity of amylase, maltase, sucrase, aminopeptidase-N, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A, carboxypeptidase B, pancreatic lipase, and carboxyl ester lipase. We predicted that carbohydrase activities would be highest in birds fed the diet highest in carbohydrates (fruit based), protease activities would be highest in those fed the diet highest in protein (insect based), and lipase activities would be highest in those fed the diets highest in lipid (insect based and seed based). Also, we predicted that pine warblers would exhibit greater dietary modulation of enzyme activity than reported for a less omnivorous congener, the yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata). All predictions were upheld, supporting the hypothesis that pine warblers modulate the activity of digestive enzymes in proportion to demand from substrates in the diet.
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PMID:An experimental test of dietary enzyme modulation in pine warblers Dendroica pinus. 1052 25

Alkyl-substituted hydroxybenzenes (AHBs), which are auto-inducers of microbial dormancy (d1 factors), were found to stabilize the structure of protein macromolecules and modify the catalytic activity of enzymes. In vitro experiments showed that C6-AHB at concentrations from 10(-4) to 10(-2) M, at which it occurs in the medium as a true solution and a micellar colloid, respectively, nonspecifically inhibited the activity of chymotrypsin, RNase, invertase, and glucose oxidase. C6-AHB-induced conformational alterations in protein macromolecules were due to the formation of complexes, as evidenced by differences in the fluorescence spectra of individual RNase and C6-AHB and their mixtures and in the surface tension isotherms of C6-AHB and trypsin solutions. Data on the involvement of dormancy auto-inducers in the post-translational modification of enzymes and their inhibition will provide further insight into the mechanisms of development and maintenance of dormant microbial forms.
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PMID:[The function of anabiosis autoinductors in microorganisms under blockade of metabolism]. 1077 21

Six decades of studies have speculated that digestive capacity might limit avian growth rate or that developmental changes in the gut might determine developmental changes in digestive efficiency. However, there are no studies on digestive enzymes during avian development, except for studies on mainly domestic birds that exhibit the precocial mode of development. We studied alimentary organ masses, intestinal enzyme activities (sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, aminopeptidase-N), and pancreatic enzyme activities (amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin) during development of a wild passerine bird exhibiting the altricial mode of development. Wild nestling house sparrows were studied immediately after removal from the nest (days 0, 3, 6 of age; day 0=hatch), whereas captives were raised in the laboratory beginning day 3 on a formulated casein/starch-based diet until fledging age (after day 12). Digestive biochemistry was dynamic. Tissue-specific activities of some digestive enzymes continued to increase through fledging, by >10 times in some cases (e.g., sucrase and maltase in midintestine). Total pancreatic amylase activity increased 100 times between hatch and day 12 through a combination of increases in tissue-specific activity and pancreas mass. House sparrows differ from poultry, in whom after about 2 wk of age the specific activity of intestinal and pancreatic digestive enzymes is generally constant or declines during development. The data on intestinal and pancreatic enzymes help explain why digestive efficiency of nestling house sparrows improves with age, and the data seem consistent with the idea that digestive capacity might limit feeding rate and hence growth rate.
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PMID:Developmental changes in digestive physiology of nestling house sparrows, Passer domesticus. 1151 62

Smaller guts and slow initial mass gains at stopover sites have led to the idea that digestive physiology limits refueling rates in migrating birds. We tested the digestive-limitation hypothesis in yellow-rumped warblers using food restriction to simulate infrequent feeding during migration, which may cause a reduction in alimentary tract mass. Restricted birds had small intestine, pancreas, and liver masses 18%-22% lower than ad lib.-fed controls. Total activities of sucrase, maltase, aminopeptidase, and amylase were significantly lower in restricted birds, while those of trypsin and chymotrypsin were not. Only aminopeptidase mass-specific activity was significantly lower in restricted birds. Previously restricted birds were able to feed and digest at a high rate immediately following return to ad lib. feeding. Digestive efficiency did not differ between groups. These results suggest that before migration yellow-rumped warblers have some spare digestive capacity to compensate for declines in their digestive organ masses during migration.
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PMID:Digestive response to restricted feeding in migratory yellow-rumped warblers. 1217 34

Maturation of the fetal gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is influenced by both luminal stimuli (e.g. swallowed fluid) and hormonal factors (e.g. endogenous cortisol release). The aims of the present study were 1) to investigate GIT growth and maturation during the last 20% of gestation in pigs (term = 114 +/- 2 d), and 2) to investigate the effect of esophageal ligation, to prevent fetal swallowing, at 80% to 91% gestation. In normal fetuses, marked increases occurred during late gestation in body weight (+95%), relative intestinal weight (+79%, g kg(-1) body weight), activity of some digestive enzymes (1.5- to 10-fold), and absorption of glucose and intact proteins (3- to 6-fold). Fetuses with ligated esophagi had lowered body weight (-20%), reduced intestinal weight (-43%), aminopeptidase A activity (-24%), and glucose absorption (-27%), while lactase, sucrase, and dipeptidylpeptidase IV activities were increased (+40-50%), compared with sham-operated fetuses (all p < 0.05). Other parameters of GIT function remained unchanged by esophageal obstruction (absorption of amino acids and immunoglobulin, activity of chymosin, amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, maltase, aminopeptidase N -- all expressed per gram GIT tissue). Ligated fetuses had elevated cortisol levels, which is known to stimulate fetal GIT maturation. We conclude that the rapid development of GIT function in late gestation is diminished by esophageal obstruction, mainly due to slower GIT growth and not inhibition of normal functional development of enterocytes.
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PMID:Prenatal development of gastrointestinal function in the pig and the effects of fetal esophageal obstruction. 1219 78

The effect of feed restriction and enzymatic supplementation on intestinal and pancreatic enzyme activities and weight gain was studied in broiler chickens. Quantitative feed restriction was applied to chickens from 7 to 14 d of age. An enzyme complex mainly consisting of protease and amylase was added to the chicken ration from hatching to the end of the experiment. Birds subjected to feed restriction whose diet was not supplemented showed an increase in sucrase, amylase, and lipase activities immediately after the restriction period. Amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsin activities were higher in chickens subjected to feed restriction and fed a supplemented diet than in those only subjected to feed restriction. Trypsin activity increased after feed restriction and after supplementation, but there was no interaction between these effects. Early feed restriction had no effect on enzyme activity in 42-d-old chickens. Chickens subjected to early restriction and fed the supplemented diet presented higher sucrase, maltase, and lipase activities than nonsupplemented ones (P < 0.05). There was no effect of early feed restriction or diet supplementation on weight gain to 42 d. Percentage weight gain from 14 to 42 d of age was equivalent in feed-restricted and ad libitum fed birds. Feed-restricted broilers fed a supplemented diet showed a higher percentage weight gain than nonsupplemented birds. We conclude that enzymatic supplementation potentiates the effect of feed restriction on digestive enzyme activity and on weight gain.
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PMID:Effect of early feed restriction and enzyme supplementation on digestive enzyme activities in broilers. 1538 6

The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of high dietary concentrations of Zn as zinc oxide and Cu as copper sulfate on the activity of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and the intestinal mucosa, intestinal morphology, and mucin histochemistry in pigs after weaning. Thirty-two pigs were weaned at 4 wk of age. The pigs were fed standard weaning diets supplemented with Zn (100 or 2,500 ppm) and Cu (0 or 175 ppm) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments for a 14-d period. In pancreatic tissue, the activity of amylase, carboxypeptidase A, chymotrypsin, trypsin, and lipase increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed 2,500 ppm of Zn, whereas the activity of carboxypeptidase B and carboxylester hydrolase was unaffected. Copper had no effect on the activity of pancreatic enzymes. In small intestinal contents, the total activity of amylase and carboxypeptidase A was greater in pigs fed 100 ppm of Zn (P < 0.05), whereas feeding 2,500 ppm of Zn increased the chymotrypsin activity (P < 0.001). The remaining enzymes were unaffected by dietary Zn concentration. The villi were longer in the cranial small intestine (P < 0.001) in pigs fed 100 ppm of Zn than in pigs fed 2,500 ppm of Zn, but otherwise there were no clear effects of Zn and Cu supplementation on intestinal morphology. In the cranial small intestine, the activity of maltase (P < 0.001), sucrase (P < 0.001), and lactase was greater in pigs fed 100 ppm of Zn, even though there was a Zn x Cu interaction (P < 0.05) in lactase activity. In the middle and caudal small intestine, no clear differences between dietary treatments were observed. The activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the intestinal mucosa was not affected by dietary Zn or Cu. In pigs fed 100 ppm of Zn, the activity of aminopeptidase N was greater in the caudal small intestine, but dietary Zn or Cu had no effect on aminopeptidase N in the cranial and middle small intestine. No effect of dietary Zn or Cu supplementation was found on carbohydrate histochemistry in the caudal small intestine, whereas high dietary Zn increased the area of neutral, acidic, and sulfomucins in the cecum (P < 0.01) and in the colon (P < 0.001). In summary, high dietary Zn increased the activity of several enzymes in the pancreatic tissue and increased the mucin staining area in the large intestine, whereas Cu had no clear effect on these variables. However, no definite answers were found as to how the growth promoting and diarrhea reducing effects of excess dietary Zn are exerted.
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PMID:Influence of dietary zinc and copper on digestive enzyme activity and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. 1709 23


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