Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.26 (invertase)
4,927 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The goal of the present study was twofold: (1) to detect the possible storage of dietary polyamines (PAs) in various tissues and (2) to investigate the role of dietary PAs in the differentiation of the pig intestinal epithelium. A first experimental series was designed to assess the accumulation of either milk PAs (mostly spermidine) or orally administered spermine (SPM) in piglet red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma, a preliminary stage in their distribution to growing and storage organs. Though PA concentrations of piglet RBCs and plasma were generally significantly higher than their sow counterparts, our experimental conditions failed to demonstrate that this increase could stem from ingested PAs. A second experimental series dealt with the determination of disaccharidase specific activities in proximal and distal parts of piglet gut on the 26th and 29th days after birth (preweaning time). In agreement with observations made previously on rat pups, we observed an increase in maltase specific activity (SA) at the end of the suckling period (the observed increase in sucrase SA was not significant). However, orally administered SPM did not affect this activity. Compared to the constant protein concentrations observed in both parts of the gut, the pancreatic protein content decreased sharply between the 26th and 29th postnatal days. At the same time pancreatic concentrations of spermidine (SPD) also decreased, suggesting that some pancreatic PAs were released as the organ secreted its proteins. In accordance with this hypothesis, we recorded SPM and SPD in pancreatic juice. The increases in PA concentrations seemed to follow the protein secretion pattern (i.e. PA concentrations reached a maximal value when the protein concentration was highest). The presence of PAs in pancreatic juice could be indicative of a control mechanism exerted by the pancreas on PA-induced growth and differentiation of porcine intestinal epithelium.
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PMID:Pancreatic exocrine secretions as a source of luminal polyamines in pigs. 1082 94

Although oxidative stress has been implicated in development of gut pathologies, its role in intestinal fat transport has not been investigated. We assessed the effect of Fe(2+)-ascorbate-mediated lipid peroxidation on lipid synthesis, apolipoprotein biogenesis, and lipoprotein assembly and secretion. Incubation of postconfluent Caco-2 cells with iron(II)-ascorbate (0.2 mM/2 mM) in the apical compartment significantly promoted malondialdehyde formation without affecting sucrase activity, transepithelial resistance, DNA and protein content, and cell viability. However, addition of the oxygen radical-generating system reduced 1) [(14)C]oleic acid incorporation into cellular triglycerides (15%, P < 0.0002) and phospholipids (16%, P < 0.0005); 2) de novo synthesis of cellular apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) (18%, P < 0.05), apo A-IV (38%, P < 0.05), and apo B-48 (45%, P < 0.003) after [(35)S]methionine addition; and 3) production of chylomicrons (50%), VLDL (40%), LDL (37%), and HDL (30%) (all P < 0.0001). In contrast, increased total cellular cholesterol formation (96%, P < 0.0001), assayed by [(14)C]acetate incorporation, was noted, attributable to marked elevation (70%, P < 0.04) in activity of DL-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. The ratio of Acyl-CoA to cholesterol acyltransferase, the esterifying cholesterol enzyme, remained unchanged. Fe(2+)-ascorbate-mediated lipid peroxidation modifies intracellular fat absorption and may decrease enterocyte efficiency in assembling and transporting lipids during gut inflammation.
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PMID:Iron-ascorbate alters the efficiency of Caco-2 cells to assemble and secrete lipoproteins. 1089 42

The efficacy of ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate (OKG) in preventing bacterial translocation and dissemination, metabolic disorders and changes in mucosal enzyme activities was assessed in a model of bacterial translocation in rats. Antibiotic decontamination was performed 4 d before intragastric inoculation with an Escherichia coli strain (10(10) bacteria/kg body). Two days later, the rats were given either a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 0127:B8 or a saline injection and were deprived of food for 24 h. Enteral nutrition, [Osmolite, 880 kJ/(kg. d)] supplemented with either OKG (LPS + OKG) or glycine (Saline + Gly or LPS + Gly), was then given for 2 d. Urinary total nitrogen losses and 3-methylhistidine excretion were determined daily. On killing at d 3, bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and dissemination to the spleen and liver were evaluated, jejunal mucosa enzyme activities were assayed and tissue free amino acids in muscles were measured. Endotoxin induced translocation from the gut lumen to the MLN in all groups, whereas dissemination occurred only in LPS-treated rats. OKG significantly reduced dissemination of the bacteria in the spleen. 3-Methylhistidine excretion was greater in the LPS + Gly group (+25%, P: < 0.05) than in either the LPS + OKG or Saline + Gly group. The group fed the OKG-enriched diet had higher muscular glutamine, ornithine and arginine concentrations than did the Gly-supplemented groups (P: < 0.05). Intestinal sucrase and aminopeptidase activities were higher in the LPS + OKG group than in the LPS + Gly group (-30%, P: < 0.05). OKG supplementation limits bacterial dissemination and metabolic changes after injury in rats and thus may be useful in the prevention of gut-derived sepsis in critically ill patients.
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PMID:Bacterial dissemination and metabolic changes in rats induced by endotoxemia following intestinal E. coli overgrowth are reduced by ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate administration. 1111 Aug 43

The anti-diarrhoeal and gastro-intestinal protective potentials of aqueous extract of leaves of Phyllanthus amarus were investigated in mice. Graded doses of the aqueous extract (100-800 mg/kg) administered orally produced a dose-related inhibition of gut meal travel distance in normal mice. The highest intestinal transit inhibition of 31.65% was obtained with 400 mg/kg. In castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice, P. amarus extract (400 mg/kg) delayed the onset of diarrhoea, reduced frequency of defecation and reduced gut meal travel distance significantly resulting in intestinal transit inhibition of 79.94% compared to 86.92% produced by morphine (100 mg/kg). In addition, the activities of some intestinal mucosa enzymes (maltase, sucrase, lactase and alkaline phosphatase) in mice pretreated with extract before castor oil were not as severely depressed as those in the control (castor oil treated mice). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of many secondary metabolites. The results are discussed with a view to establishing the basis of the use of this plant in traditional medicine for treatment of diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal disorders.
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PMID:Anti-diarrhoeal and gastro-intestinal potentials of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (Euphorbiaceae). 1137 41

Six decades of studies have speculated that digestive capacity might limit avian growth rate or that developmental changes in the gut might determine developmental changes in digestive efficiency. However, there are no studies on digestive enzymes during avian development, except for studies on mainly domestic birds that exhibit the precocial mode of development. We studied alimentary organ masses, intestinal enzyme activities (sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, aminopeptidase-N), and pancreatic enzyme activities (amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin) during development of a wild passerine bird exhibiting the altricial mode of development. Wild nestling house sparrows were studied immediately after removal from the nest (days 0, 3, 6 of age; day 0=hatch), whereas captives were raised in the laboratory beginning day 3 on a formulated casein/starch-based diet until fledging age (after day 12). Digestive biochemistry was dynamic. Tissue-specific activities of some digestive enzymes continued to increase through fledging, by >10 times in some cases (e.g., sucrase and maltase in midintestine). Total pancreatic amylase activity increased 100 times between hatch and day 12 through a combination of increases in tissue-specific activity and pancreas mass. House sparrows differ from poultry, in whom after about 2 wk of age the specific activity of intestinal and pancreatic digestive enzymes is generally constant or declines during development. The data on intestinal and pancreatic enzymes help explain why digestive efficiency of nestling house sparrows improves with age, and the data seem consistent with the idea that digestive capacity might limit feeding rate and hence growth rate.
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PMID:Developmental changes in digestive physiology of nestling house sparrows, Passer domesticus. 1151 62

The present investigation characterized the effect of red kidney bean lectin exposure on gut maturation and function in young piglets. Eleven suckling pigs were given by stomach tube a crude red kidney bean lectin preparation (containing about 25% lectin, 400 mg/kg BW) (lectin-treated pigs) at 10, 11, and 12 d of life, and an additional 16 pigs (control pigs) were given saline instead. On the next day, the intestinal absorptive capacity was determined in vivo, and on the 14th d of life the piglets were killed and organs and small intestine samples were collected for analyses and in vitro permeability experiments. The lectin-treated pigs showed an increase in stomach weights and mucosa thickness, whereas no weight effect was found for the small intestine, spleen, liver, or adrenals. Morphometric analyses of the small intestine in lectin-treated pigs showed a decrease in villus heights, an increase in crypt depths and crypt cell mitotic indices, and fewer vacuolated enterocytes per villus and reduced vacuole size. Lectin treatment also resulted in a decrease in the absorption of different-sized marker molecules after gavage feeding, a decrease in intestinal marker permeability, and a change in small intestinal disaccharidase activities, with increased maltase and sucrase activities. The size of the pancreatic acini was also greater in the lectin-treated pigs, but no increases in enzyme content or pancreatic weight could be determined. In addition, the blood plasma levels of cholecystokinin were higher in the lectin-treated than in the control pigs. The results indicate that exposure to crude red kidney bean lectin induces structural and functional maturation of the gut and pancreatic growth in young suckling piglets. This possibility of inducing gut maturation may lead to an improvement in the piglets' ability to adapt to weaning and to an increase in the growth and health of these animals.
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PMID:Enteral exposure to crude red kidney bean lectin induces maturation of the gut in suckling pigs. 1172 47

Uptake of colostrum just after birth is essential to stimulate intestinal growth and function, and in many species, including pigs, colostrum also provides immunological protection via the absorption of immunoglobulin G (IgG). In this study, intestinal growth, IgG absorptive capacity and enzyme activities were investigated in newborn pigs in response to different diets. Newborn piglets were bottle-fed porcine colostrum (PC), bovine colostrum (BC), porcine plasma (PP), porcine milk (PM), bovine colostrum containing porcine plasma (BCP) or a milk replacer (MR) every 3 h (15 mL/kg) for up to 2 d. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was added to the diets as a macromolecule marker. The percentage of absorbed BSA just after birth was highest for piglets fed the PC diet (30-50%), lower for those fed the BC and BCP diets (23-30%) and lowest for the PP, PM and MR diet-fed piglets (7-20%, P < 0.05 relative to those fed colostrum). Porcine IgG was absorbed more efficiently than bovine IgG. Intestinal closure occurred earlier in MR and BCP piglets (within 12 h after birth) than in PC pigs. At 2 d of age, intestinal mucosal weight (+120% increase from birth) and villus morphology were similar in the PC, BCP and MR groups. All 3 groups also had increased aminopeptidase A activity compared with values at birth (+100% increase). Compared with PC pigs, the BCP group had higher sucrase and maltase activities (+50% and +200%, respectively) and lower aminopeptidase N activity (-50%, P < 0.05). Similarly, MR pigs showed elevated sucrase activity (+40%) and lowered maltase, lactase and aminopeptidase N activities (-20% to -50%, P < 0.05) compared with PC pigs. We conclude that porcine and bovine colostrum contain factors that stimulate the intestinal endocytotic and enzymatic capacity in newborn pigs. A milk replacer can produce normal gut growth, but may be inefficient in mediating normal macromolecule transport and disaccharidase activity. Bovine colostrum mixed with porcine plasma proteins may be a useful substitute for porcine colostrum in artificial rearing of newborn pigs.
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PMID:Development of intestinal immunoglobulin absorption and enzyme activities in neonatal pigs is diet dependent. 1173 77

The effect of intestinal colonization with Bifidobacterium bifidum (Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium colonizing the intestine of healthy new-born mammals, exhibiting a probiotic effect, protecting the intestinal mucosa against colonization by pathogenic microflora) on enterocyte brush-border enzymes was examined in weaned 23-d- and in 2-month-old gnotobiotic inbred mice and compared with that in corresponding germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) controls. The two groups of GF mice were associated with human B. bifidum 11 d before the end of the experiment. Specific activity of enterocyte brush-border enzymes--lactase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase was significantly higher in both age groups of GF mice in comparison with CV ones; on the other hand, sucrase and glucoamylase activities were higher in CV mice. Monoassociation with B. bifidum accelerates biochemical maturation of enterocytes resulting in a shift of specific activities of brush-border enzymes between the values found for GF and CV mice. This effect of B. bifidum supplementation was less pronounced for alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, glucoamylase and dipeptidyl peptidase i.v. in immature gut of weaned mice than of 2-month-old ones.
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PMID:Bifidobacterium bifidum monoassociation of gnotobiotic mice: effect on enterocyte brush-border enzymes. 1189 51

The effect of source of carbohydrate on gut histology, digestion efficiency, and growth performance in early-weaned (25 d) rabbits at the starter period (25 to 39 d) was investigated. Six diets were factorially arranged to study the effect of partial substitution of starch (0, 25, or 50%) by lactose at two levels of fiber (30 or 36% NDF). Diets were formulated to meet or exceed essential nutrient requirements of growing rabbits. A feeding trial was conducted to measure the effect of treatments on growth performance in 252 rabbits that were fed the experimental diets in the starter period and thereafter received a common feed until 60 d of age. Fecal apparent digestibility was determined at 35 d of age in nine animals per diet. The four diets with extreme lactose content were used to determine ileal apparent digestibility of starch and lactose (nine replicates per diet), weights of stomach and cecum, stomach pH, cecal fermentation traits, amylase and disaccharidase activities (10 animals per diet), and jejunal morphology (six animals per diet). Weaning increased (P < 0.001) amylase activity by 59% but decreased (P < 0.001) maltase, sucrase, and lactase activities by 30, 48, and 72%, in parallel with a reduction of villus height by 19%. Dietary NDF level did not affect either jejunal morphology or sucrase and lactase activities but increased amylase (P = 0.05) and maltase (P < 0.001) activities by 22 and 92%, respectively. Substitution of starch by lactose had no effect on jejunal morphology or enzymatic activity. Ileal lactose and starch digestibility were not affected by dietary NDF or lactose level and averaged 73.8 and 90.8%, respectively. Substitution of starch by fiber and lactose affected ileal flux of starch plus lactose (by -0.5 and +1.7 g/d) and cecal pH (by +2.1 and -2.8%, respectively). Fecal NDF digestibility was relatively low (23.1% on average) and was not affected by treatments, whereas that of lactose and starch was almost complete. An increase of dietary NDF level led to an impairment of ADG and feed efficiency in the starter (P < 0.002) and in the overall (P < 0.03) fattening period. Substitution of starch by lactose linearly decreased (P < 0.001) feed efficiency in the starter period and linearly increased (P < 0.001) diarrhea incidence in the fattening period. The results indicate that digestive capability of early-weaned rabbits is limited and should be taken into account to establish optimal levels and sources of carbohydrates in the starter diet.
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PMID:Effect of levels of starch, fiber, and lactose on digestion and growth performance of early-weaned rabbits. 1200 9

In order to clarify the postprandial glucose suppression via alpha-glucosidase (AGH) inhibitory action by natural compounds, flavonoids were examined in this study. Among the flavonoids (luteolin, kaempferol, chrysin, and galangin), luteolin showed the potent maltase inhibitory activity with the IC50 of 2.3 mM, while less inhibitions were observed against sucrase. In addition, the effects of maltase inhibition by flavonoids were observed in the descending order of potency of luteolin > kaempferol > chrysin > galangin. Apparently, the AGH inhibition power greatly increased with the replacement of hydroxyl groups at 3' and 4'-position of the B-ring. However, the inhibitory power of luteolin was poorer than a therapeutic drug (acarbose: IC50; 430 nM). As a result of a single oral administration of maltose or sucrose (2 g/kg) in SD rats, no significant change in blood glucose level with the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg of luteolin was observed. These findings strongly suggested that luteolin given at less than 200 mg/kg did not possess the ability to suppress the glucose production from carbohydrates through the inhibition of AGH action in the gut.
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PMID:Luteolin, a flavone, does not suppress postprandial glucose absorption through an inhibition of alpha-glucosidase action. 1200 74


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