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This study was designed to investigate the effect of monoassociation of germ-free piglets with Escherichia coli strains on the development of intestinal brush-border enzyme activities. Piglets were delivered by hysterectomy, reared for seven days under germ-free conditions and fed milk formula diet. One group was maintained germ-free, the other four groups were monoassociated on day eight with one of four E. coli strains: non-pathogenic O86 or O83 and G58-1, or pathogenic 933D. The development of brush-border digestive enzyme functions in the small intestine was evaluated after 15 days. Germ-free controls exhibited slower developmental declines of lactase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, and delayed increases of sucrase and glucoamylase compared to conventionally grown animals. Association of germ-free piglets with the non-pathogenic E. coli strains O86 and O83 resulted in increased enterocyte differentiation along the length of the small intestine, accompanied by declining activities of lactase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, and elevated activities of maturational markers such as sucrase and glucoamylase. Maturational changes also occurred along the villus-crypt axis, as revealed by histochemical localization of aminopeptidase N on the villi tips in piglets colonized with E. coli O83. Interestingly, colonization with the pathogenic E. coli strain 933D stimulated changes in the main differentiation enzyme markers lactase, sucrase and glucoamylase to an extent comparable with those produced by the non-pathogenic and probiotic E. coli strains. In conclusion, germ-free piglets represent a valuable tool to study the consequences of colonization of the immature sterile gut with defined strains of bacteria.
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PMID:Effect of bacterial monoassociation on brush-border enzyme activities in ex-germ-free piglets: comparison of commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. 1694 22

Folic acid deficiency is the most prevalent vitamin deficiency throughout the world and its effect on brush border membrane composition has not been studied earlier. We investigated the effect of folate deficiency on the structure and function of the intestinal brush border membrane. Various brush border enzyme activities, membrane sugars and lipids were evaluated in two groups of weanling male albino rats after 3 mo of feeding control and folate deficient diets. Except sucrase, all the other three enzymes, viz., alkaline phosphatase, leucine amino peptidase and y-glutamyl transpeptidase showed decrease in activity in rats fed folate-deficient diets. Among sugars, hexoses and hexosamines showed significant decline in amount whereas sialic acid content showed great increase in brush border membrane of folate-deficient rats as compared to controls. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, cerebrosides and fucolipids in the group fed the folate-deficient diet. Our study suggests that folate deficiency results in altered enzyme activities, lipid and sugar composition of intestinal brush border membrane. Such changes might reflect the underlying cause of the gastrointestinal disturbances observed in folate deficiency.
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PMID:Folate deficiency results in alteration in intestinal brush border membrane composition and enzyme activities in weanling rats. 1696 59

The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of high dietary concentrations of Zn as zinc oxide and Cu as copper sulfate on the activity of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and the intestinal mucosa, intestinal morphology, and mucin histochemistry in pigs after weaning. Thirty-two pigs were weaned at 4 wk of age. The pigs were fed standard weaning diets supplemented with Zn (100 or 2,500 ppm) and Cu (0 or 175 ppm) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments for a 14-d period. In pancreatic tissue, the activity of amylase, carboxypeptidase A, chymotrypsin, trypsin, and lipase increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed 2,500 ppm of Zn, whereas the activity of carboxypeptidase B and carboxylester hydrolase was unaffected. Copper had no effect on the activity of pancreatic enzymes. In small intestinal contents, the total activity of amylase and carboxypeptidase A was greater in pigs fed 100 ppm of Zn (P < 0.05), whereas feeding 2,500 ppm of Zn increased the chymotrypsin activity (P < 0.001). The remaining enzymes were unaffected by dietary Zn concentration. The villi were longer in the cranial small intestine (P < 0.001) in pigs fed 100 ppm of Zn than in pigs fed 2,500 ppm of Zn, but otherwise there were no clear effects of Zn and Cu supplementation on intestinal morphology. In the cranial small intestine, the activity of maltase (P < 0.001), sucrase (P < 0.001), and lactase was greater in pigs fed 100 ppm of Zn, even though there was a Zn x Cu interaction (P < 0.05) in lactase activity. In the middle and caudal small intestine, no clear differences between dietary treatments were observed. The activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the intestinal mucosa was not affected by dietary Zn or Cu. In pigs fed 100 ppm of Zn, the activity of aminopeptidase N was greater in the caudal small intestine, but dietary Zn or Cu had no effect on aminopeptidase N in the cranial and middle small intestine. No effect of dietary Zn or Cu supplementation was found on carbohydrate histochemistry in the caudal small intestine, whereas high dietary Zn increased the area of neutral, acidic, and sulfomucins in the cecum (P < 0.01) and in the colon (P < 0.001). In summary, high dietary Zn increased the activity of several enzymes in the pancreatic tissue and increased the mucin staining area in the large intestine, whereas Cu had no clear effect on these variables. However, no definite answers were found as to how the growth promoting and diarrhea reducing effects of excess dietary Zn are exerted.
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PMID:Influence of dietary zinc and copper on digestive enzyme activity and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. 1709 23

During Ramadan, Muslims the world over abstain from food and water from dawn to sunset for a month. We hypothesised that this unique model of prolonged intermittent fasting would result in specific intestinal and liver metabolic adaptations and hence alter metabolic activities. The effect of Ramadan-type fasting was studied on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and the brush border membrane of intestine and liver from rat used as a model. Rats were fasted (12 h) and then refed (12 h) daily for 30 d, as practised by Muslims during Ramadan. Ramadan-type fasting caused a significant decline in serum glucose, cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase activity, whereas inorganic phosphate increased but blood urea N was not changed. Fasting resulted in increased activities of intestinal lactate (+34%), isocitrate (+63%), succinate (+83%) and malate (+106%) dehydrogenases, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (+17%) and glucose-6-phosphatase (+22%). Liver lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activities were also enhanced. However, the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme fell significantly in the intestine but increased in liver. Although the activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and sucrase decreased in mucosal homogenates and brush border membrane, those of liver alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase significantly increased. These changes were due to a respective decrease and increase of the maximal velocities of the enzyme reactions. Ramadan-type fasting caused similar effects whether the rats fasted with a daytime or night-time feeding schedule. The present results show a tremendous adaptation capacity of both liver and intestinal metabolic activities with Ramadan-type fasting in rats used as a model for Ramadan fasting in people.
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PMID:Influence of Ramadan-type fasting on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and brush border membrane in small intestine and liver of rat used as a model. 1718 84

Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic commonly used against life threatening gram negative bacterial infections, however, nephrotoxicity remains the major concern for its long term use. Although its effects on kidney are well characterized but there have been no studies regarding its effects on intestine. We hypothesize that GM causes adaptive coordinated effect on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and terminal digestion/ absorption in rat intestine. Rats were administered a nephrotoxic dose of GM (80 mg /kg body weight) daily for 15 days and a time dependent effect was observed on various enzyme activities. Activities of lactate (LDH), malate (MDH) and isocitrate (ICDH) dehydrogenases, significantly increased and peaked at different time intervals of GM treatment. Whereas LDH activity remained higher, MDH and ICDH activity slowly declined from their peak values. Activities of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased but malic enzyme decreased in a time dependent manner. Activity of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase significantly increased but gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity decreased. GM administration increased lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase but decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The results indicate that GM treatment selectively upregulated certain enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and terminal digestion/absorption and perturbed antioxidant defenses.
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PMID:Time dependent effect of gentamicin on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and terminal digestion in rat intestine. 1788 63

The effects of supplementing a barley-based diet for weaned piglets withexogenous beta-glucanase and xylanase on gastrointestinal digestiveenzyme activities were investigated. Thirty-six cross-bred weaned pigletswere randomly assigned to two groups with three pens based on sexand mass. Each group was fed on the diet based on barley with or withoutadded beta-glucanase and xylanase (0.15%) for a 4-week period. Theresults showed that enzyme supplementation improved growth performanceof piglets significantly (p < 0.05), but had no effect (p = 0.091)on average daily feed intake. The results also showed that supplementationof beta-glucanase and xylanase had no effect on pepsin activity in gastriccontents but slightly decreased (p = 0.092) the pepsin activity ingastric mucosa. Meanwhile, no effect of enzyme supplementation ontrypsin activity in duodenal contents was observed. However, the activitiesof amylase and lipase in duodenal contents were significantly(p < 0.05) decreased, whereas the activities of maltase, sucrase andgamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) in jejunal and ileal mucosa wereenhanced significantly (p < 0.05). The improvement of disaccharidaseand gamma-GT activity may be attributed to the positive impacts of exogenousenzymes on digestion and absorption of the nutrients. In conclusion,the current results indicated that supplementation with enzymes in barley-based diets could improve the growth performance of piglets,decrease the activities of amylase and lipase in duodenal contents andincrease the activities of disaccharidase and gamma-GT in jejunal and ilealmucosa.
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PMID:Effects of beta-glucanase and xylanase supplementation on gastrointestinal digestive enzyme activities of weaned piglets fed a barley-based diet. 1849 30

The effect of carbofuran administration to rats has been studied on enzymes functions in rat intestine. Carbofuran was administrated 4.0 mg/kg body weight for 7 days or 2.8 mg/kg body weight for 30 days daily by Ryle's tube. Animals given carbofuran for 30 days exhibited retarded growth compared to control group. The activities of sucrase (56%), alkaline phosphatase (62%), leucine aminopeptidase (56%), and gamma-glutamyl trans peptidase (84%) were enhanced in animals given carbofuran for 7 days. Enhancement in the activities of alkaline phosphatase and leucine amino peptidase (92-96%) was also observed in animals exposed to carbofuran for 30 days, but the activities of sucrase (28%) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (49%) were reduced under these conditions. There was no change in activities of maltase, lactase, and trehalase in pesticide-treated animals for 7 or 30 days. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase was enhanced (p < 0.001) in 7 days and 30 days induced carbofuran toxicity. The activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase were also enhanced (p < 0.001) in pesticide-treated animals for 7 days, but were reduced by 46% and 26%, respectively, after 30 days of carbofuran exposure. The activity of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase was unaltered in carbofuran toxicity. Kinetic analysis of brush border enzymes revealed a change in V(max) with no change in apparent Km. Western blot analysis of brush border sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, and leucine aminopeptidase corroborated the enzyme activity data. Intestinal histological revealed distruption of the villi, and comet assay showed disintegration of DNA in enterocytes of animals exposed to carbofuran for 30 days. These findings suggest that carbofuran toxicity may modulate digestive functions in rat intestine.
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PMID:Subacute effects of carbofuran on enzyme functions in rat small intestine. 1977 59

ABSTRACT Iron is an essential element for biological systems. There is increasing evidence that excess iron supplementation results in the deposition of iron in the duodenum and enhances mucosal injury and cell proliferation in the colon and cecum. In the present study we examined whether chronic exposure to high levels of iron fortification affects the functional integrity of the small intestine, especially the activities of various brush border enzymes. Wistar rats were fed iron 29 mg/kg body weight (or 6.58 mg/kg Fe) daily in the form of FeSO(4).7H(2)O for 39 days. The activities of brush border alkaline phosphatase (AP) (p < 0.001), sucrase (p < 0.01), maltase (p < 0.05), lactase (p < 0.05), and trehalase (p < 0.001) were reduced in purified membranes in iron-fed animals compared to controls. However, the activities of leucine amino peptidase (LAP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) were unaffected under these conditions. Analysis of alkaline phosphatase activity across the crypt-villus unit revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) all across the crypt-villus length, while sucrase activity was reduced (p < 0.01) only in the midvillus axis in iron-exposed animals. Kinetic studies showed a decrease in V(max) of AP from 1.11 to 0.83 units/mg protein and for sucrase from 0.77 to 0.43 units/mg protein in iron-fed rats, with no change in the apparent K(m) of the enzymes (AP, 8 mM; sucrase, 10 mM). Western blot analysis corroborated these findings. These results indicate that chronic iron exposure alters the activities of brush border enzymes, resulting in intestinal dysfunctions.
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PMID:Effect of chronic iron ingestion on the development of brush border enzymes in rat intestine. 2002 Sep 42

The combined effects on the intestinal cells of guinea pigs following feeding them with lathyrus and manganese (Mn) for 90 days were studied in this investigation. Guinea pigs given Mn (4 ppm of their diets) for 90 days showed no change in either intestinal bioconstituents or marker enzymes, with the exception of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and quinone reductase (QR). Exposure to a diet of 80% lathyrus only resulted in significant (p <. 05) inhibition of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALP), sucrase, GGT, QR, and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) along with significant (p <. 05) depletion of total hexose and phospholipids. Animals given lathyrus and Mn showed a significant (p <. 05) decrease in intestinal ALP, Ca +2 Mg +2 -ATPase, sucrase, GGT, GST, and QR along with significant (p <. 05) depletion in total hexose and phospholipids and concomitant enhancement in cholesterol when compared to controls. The data clearly indicate that combined treatment with lathyrus and Mn potentiates intestinal toxicity more than does Mn or lathyrus alone.
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PMID:Toxic Interaction of Lathyrus sativus and Manganese in Guinea Pig Intestine. 2002 Nov 54

The activities of lactase, sucrase, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and y-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) were studied in the intestinal brush border membranes of pups born to rat mothers exposed to ethanol (1 ml of 30% ethanol daily during gestation) at different days of postnatal development. The activities of lactase (at day 4-20) and sucrase (at day 20-30) were considerably reduced in response to prenatal exposure to ethanol, while AP (at day 4-30) and gamma-GTP activities were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) at day 4, 8, 14 and 20, but there was no significant difference by day 30 of postnatal development. The observed changes in enzyme activities were corroborated by Western blot analysis of lactase, sucrase and AP. Kinetic studies revealed a change in Vmax without affecting apparent Km of enzymes under these conditions. The present findings suggest that in utero ethanol exposure to rats is embryotoxic and affects the postnatal development of various brush border enzymes, which persist long after the ethanol was withdrawn prior to birth.
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PMID:Developmental changes in intestinal brush border enzymes of rats prenatally exposed to ethanol. 2290 Feb 77


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