Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.26 (invertase)
 4,927 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The release kinetics of the enzyme invertase and alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast and penicillin acylase from E. coli during disruption using various techniques has been investigated. The disruption techniques used were sonication, high-pressure homogenization, and hydrodynamic cavitation. The first-order-release kinetics was applied for the determination of release rate of these enzymes and total soluble proteins. Location factor (LF) values were calculated using these release rates. The location of the enzymes as given by the values of location factor coincided well with those reported in the literature. Varying values of location factor for the same enzyme by different disruption techniques gave some indications about the selectivity of release of a target enzyme by different disruption techniques. Varying values of location factor for the same enzyme with the use of a particular equipment or disruption technique at different conditions reveals the degree to which the cell is disrupted. Few plausible applications of this location factor concept have been predicted and these speculations have been examined. This location factor concept has been used for monitoring the heat-induced translocation of ADH and location of penicillin acylase during the growth period of E. coli cells.
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PMID:Significance of location of enzymes on their release during microbial cell disruption. 1174 37

Intracellular products, not secreted from the microbial cell, are released by breaking the cell envelope consisting of cytoplasmic membrane and an outer cell wall. Hydrodynamic cavitation has been reported to cause microbial cell disruption. By manipulating the operating variables involved, a wide range of intensity of cavitation can be achieved resulting in a varying extent of disruption. The effect of the process variables including cavitation number, initial cell concentration of the suspension and the number of passes across the cavitation zone on the release of enzymes from various locations of the Brewers' yeast was studied. The release profile of the enzymes studied include alpha-glucosidase (periplasmic), invertase (cell wall bound), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; cytoplasmic) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; cytoplasmic). An optimum cavitation number Cv of 0.13 for maximum disruption was observed across the range Cv 0.09-0.99. The optimum cell concentration was found to be 0.5% (w/v, wet wt) when varying over the range 0.1%-5%. The sustained effect of cavitation on the yeast cell wall when re-circulating the suspension across the cavitation zone was found to release the cell wall bound enzyme invertase (86%) to a greater extent than the enzymes from other locations of the cell (e.g. periplasmic alpha-glucosidase at 17%). Localised damage to the cell wall could be observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of cells subjected to less intense cavitation conditions. Absence of the release of cytoplasmic enzymes to a significant extent, absence of micronisation as observed by TEM and presence of a lower number of proteins bands in the culture supernatant on SDS-PAGE analysis following hydrodynamic cavitation compared to disruption by high-pressure homogenisation confirmed the selective release offered by hydrodynamic cavitation.
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PMID:Disruption of Brewers' yeast by hydrodynamic cavitation: Process variables and their influence on selective release. 1657 Mar 16

Tomato (Solanum lycopersium L.) plants were grown hydroponically to investigate the changes of energy metabolism and adaptive mechanism in response to root restriction. Root restriction resulted in a significant increase in root lipid peroxidation and reduction in leaf net CO(2) assimilation rate, which was accompanied by increase of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27) activities. Total, cytochrome pathway, and alternative pathway respirations were all decreased in the roots after 15 days of root restriction treatment. Accompanied with the decrease of ATP content, ratio of invertase/sucrose synthase activity was increased in the restricted roots together with a decrease in glucose content and an increase in fructose content. We concluded that the decreased energy synthesis under root restriction condition was partially compensated by the energy-conserving sucrose synthase pathway of sucrose metabolism.
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PMID:Decreased energy synthesis is partially compensated by a switch to sucrose synthase pathway of sucrose degradation in restricted root of tomato plants. 1876 22

The agricultural biotechnology industry routinely utilizes real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for the detection of biotechnology-derived traits in plant material, particularly for meeting the requirements of legislative mandates that rely upon the trace detection of DNA. Quantification via real-time RT-qPCR in plant species involves the measurement of the copy number of a taxon-specific, endogenous control gene exposed to the same manipulations as the target gene prior to amplification. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO 21570:2005) specifies that the copy number of an endogenous reference gene be used for normalizing the concentration (expressed as a % w/w) of a trait-specific target gene when using RT-qPCR. For this purpose, the copy number of a constitutively expressed endogenous reference gene in the same sample is routinely monitored. Real-time qPCR was employed to evaluate the predictability and performance of commonly used endogenous control genes (starch synthase, SSIIb-2, SSIIb-3; alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH; high-mobility group, HMG; zein; and invertase, IVR) used to detect biotechnology-derived traits in maize. The data revealed relatively accurate and precise amplification efficiencies when isogenic maize was compared to certified reference standards, but highly variable results when 23 nonisogenic maize cultivars were compared to an IRMM Bt-11 reference standard. Identifying the most suitable endogenous control gene, one that amplifies consistently and predictably across different maize cultivars, and implementing this as an internationally recognized standard would contribute toward harmonized testing of biotechnology-derived traits in maize.
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PMID:Evaluating precision and accuracy when quantifying different endogenous control reference genes in maize using real-time PCR. 1927 55

The present work is emphasised with the herbicidal tolerance of Azolla pinnata R.Br. and its modulation with TiO2 nano-particle. Both carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism were effected with 2,4-D as herbicide and in few cases TiO2-NP had recovered few detrimental effects. From the nutrient status in Azolla it recorded the recovery of nitrogen as well as potassium by TiO2-NP but not in case of phosphorus. However, a conversion of nitrate to ammonium was more induced by TiO2-NP under herbicidal toxicity. Similar results were obtained for inter-conversion of amino acid-nitrate pool, but no changes with glutamine synthase activity with TiO2-NP. Initially, the effects of 2,4-D was monitored with changes of chlorophyll content but had not been recovered with nanoparticle. Photosynthetic reserves expressed as both total and reducing sugar were insensitive to TiO2-NP interference but activity of soluble and wall bound invertase was in reverse trend as compared to control. The 2,4-D mediated changes of redox and its oxidative stress was ameliorated in plants with over expressed ADH activity. As a whole the Azolla bio system with TiO2 supplementation may be useful in sustenance against 2,4-D toxicity through recovery of nitrogen metabolism. Thus, Azolla-TiO2-NP bio system would be realised to monitor the herbicidal toxicity in soil and its possible bioremediation.
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PMID:Modulation of physiological responses with TiO2 nano-particle in Azolla pinnata R.Br. under 2,4-D toxicity. 2987 37