Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.26 (invertase)
 4,927 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ypt1p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a ras-related GTP-binding protein that fulfils an essential function in intracellular protein transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. Ypt proteins from yeasts and mammals that share an identical sequence in the region analogous to the ras effector domain are functionally interchangeable. We analyzed the function of the putative effector domain of yeast Ypt1p (amino acids 37-45) using site-directed mutagenesis and gene replacement. Four out of six point mutations leading to single amino acid substitutions (Y37F, S39A, T40S and V43E) did not cause any particular phenotype. ypt1(I41M) mutants were inviable whereas ypt1(D44N) mutant cells were temperature sensitive at 37 degrees C and accumulated core-glycosylated invertase at the nonpermissive temperature. This mutant also accumulated ER and small vesicles both at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. From porcine liver we identified and partially purified a GTPase-activating protein (yptGAP) that is similarly active with mouse ypt1p/rab1p and yeast Ypt1p but is inactive with H-ras protein as a substrate. Although none of the yeast ypt1 mutant proteins were significantly impaired in their ability to bind GTP, purified ypt1(D44N)p responded only partially and ypt1(I41M)p did not respond at all, to yptGAP. Thus we suggest that analogous to rasGAP/H-ras p21 interaction in mammalian cells, yptGAP is an intracellular target of Ypt1p, interacting with the effector domain and regulating its GTPase activity, and that this interaction is required for the functioning of yeast Ypt1p in intracellular protein transport.
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PMID:Mutational analysis of the putative effector domain of the GTP-binding Ypt1 protein in yeast suggests specific regulation by a novel GAP activity. 200 58

A screen was designed to identify temperature-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whose transcription of both ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein genes is repressed at the nonpermissive temperature. The gene from one such mutant was cloned by complementation. The gene encodes a predicted product that is nearly 65% identical to the human GTPase, Rab6, and is likely to be identical to the yeast gene YPT6. It is essential for growth only at elevated temperatures. The mutant strain is partially defective in the maturation of the vacuolar protein carboxypeptidase Y, as well as in the secretion of invertase, which accumulates as a core-glycosylated form characteristic of the endoplasmic reticulum or the cis-Golgi, suggesting that Ypt6p is involved in an early step of the secretory pathway, earlier than that reported for the mammalian Rab6. The mutant protein, a truncation at codon 64 of 215, has a stronger phenotype than the null allele of YPT6. Four other mutants selected for defective ribosome synthesis at the nonpermissive temperature were also found to have defects in carboxypeptidase Y maturation, giving emphasis to our previous finding that a functional secretory pathway is essential for continued ribosome synthesis. Cloning of extragenic suppressors of the ts allele of YPT6 has revealed two additional proteins that influence the secretory pathway: Ssd1p, a suppressor of many mutations, and Imh1p, which bears some homology to the C-terminal portion of the cytoskeletal proteins integrin and myosin.
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PMID:Mutation of the Rab6 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, YPT6, inhibits both early Golgi function and ribosome biosynthesis. 866 25

Movement of material between intracellular compartments takes place through the production of transport vesicles derived from donor membranes. Vesicle budding that results from the interaction of cytoplasmic coat proteins (coatomer and clathrin) with intracellular organelles requires a type of GTP-binding protein termed ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF). The GTPase cycle of ARF proteins that allows the uncoating and fusion of a transport vesicle with a target membrane is mediated by ARF-dependent GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). A previously identified yeast protein, Gcs1, exhibits structural similarity to a mammalian protein with ARF-GAP activity in vitro. We show herein that the Gcs1 protein also has ARF-GAP activity in vitro using two yeast Arf proteins as substrates. Furthermore, Gcs1 function is needed for the efficient secretion of invertase, as expected for a component of vesicle transport. The in vivo role of Gcs1 as an ARF GAP is substantiated by genetic interactions between mutations in the ARF1/ARF2 redundant pair of yeast ARF genes and a gcs1-null mutation; cells lacking both Gcs1 and Arf1 proteins are markedly impaired for growth compared with cells missing either protein. Moreover, cells with decreased levels of Arf1 or Arf2 protein, and thus with decreased levels of GTP-Arf, are markedly inhibited for growth by increased GCS1 gene dosage, presumably because increased levels of Gcs1 GAP activity further decrease GTP-Arf levels. Thus by both in vitro and in vivo criteria, Gcs1 is a yeast ARF GAP.
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PMID:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gcs1 is an ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein. 881 53

Membrane trafficking is regulated, in part, by small GTP-binding proteins of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family. ARF function depends on the controlled binding and hydrolysis of GTP. In vitro, the GTPase activity of yeast ARF proteins can be stimulated by Gcs1p. Although Gcs1p was implicated in the regulation of retrograde transport from the Golgi to the ER and in actin cytoskeletal organization, its intracellular functions and distribution remain to be established. Following subcellular fractionation of yeast grown in rich medium, Gcs1p was localized in denser fractions than it was in cells grown in minimal medium. In yeast grown in rich or minimal medium, Gcs1p was distributed over the cytoplasm in a fine punctate pattern with more concentrated staining in the perinuclear regions. Overexpressed Gcs1p in yeast was localized partially with mitochondria and partially in perinuclear structures close to mitochondria. The Gcs1p PH-domain was required for localization in mitochondria but not for the perinuclear region. Transport of carboxypeptidase Y and invertase was not significantly altered by disruption of the gcs1 gene. This mutation did, however, reduce mitochondrial lateral distribution and branching when yeast were grown in rich medium. In yeast overexpressing Gcs1p, mitochondrial morphology was aberrant, with unbranched tubules and large spherical structures. We suggest that Gcs1p may be involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology, possibly through organizing the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces.
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PMID:The yeast ADP-ribosylation factor GAP, Gcs1p, is involved in maintenance of mitochondrial morphology. 1183 79

Expression of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) HVA22 gene is induced by environmental stresses, such as dehydration, salinity, and extreme temperatures, and by a plant stress hormone, abscisic acid. Genes sharing high level of sequence similarities with HVA22 exist in diverse eukaryotic organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi, but not in any prokaryotic organisms. The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) HVA22 homolog, Yop1p, has been shown to interact with the GTPase-interacting protein, Yip1p. Deletion of YOP1 led to only a modest reduction of the stationary phase titer at 37C. A synthetic enhancement mutant screen was performed in the yop1 deletion background to identify genes interacting with YOP1. The open reading frame YOR165W (renamed SEY1 for synthetic enhancement of YOP1) was identified as a YOP1-dependent complementation gene. The yeast SEY1 is a homolog of the Arabidopsis RHD3 gene whose mutations cause the accumulation of transport vesicles near the tips of defective root hairs. The yeast double mutant of yop1 and sey1 is defective in vesicular traffic as evidenced by the accumulation of transport vesicles and the decrease in invertase secretion. Based on these observations, we suggest that Yop1p/HVA22 regulates vesicular traffic in stressed cells either to facilitate membrane turnover, or to decrease unnecessary secretion.
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PMID:Function of a plant stress-induced gene, HVA22. Synthetic enhancement screen with its yeast homolog reveals its role in vesicular traffic. 1242 79

Rho and Rab family GTPases play a key role in cytoskeletal organization and vesicular trafficking, but the exact mechanisms by which these GTPases regulate polarized cell growth are incompletely understood. A previous screen for genes that interact with CDC42, which encodes a Rho GTPase, found SWF1/PSL10. Here, we show Swf1p, a member of the DHHC-CRD family of palmitoyltransferases, localizes to actin cables and cortical actin patches in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of SWF1 results in misorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and decreased stability of actin filaments in vivo. Cdc42p localization depends upon Swf1p primarily after bud emergence. Importantly, we revealed that the actin regulating activity of Swf1p is independent of its DHHC motif. A swf1 mutant, in which alanine substituted for the cysteine required for the palmitoylation activity of DHHC-CRD proteins, displayed wild-type actin organization and Cdc42p localization. Bgl2p-marked exocytosis was found wild type in this mutant, although invertase secretion was impaired. These data indicate Swf1p has at least two distinct functions, one of which regulates actin organization and Bgl2p-marked secretion. This report is the first to link the function of a DHHC-CRD protein to Cdc42p and the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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PMID:Swf1p, a member of the DHHC-CRD family of palmitoyltransferases, regulates the actin cytoskeleton and polarized secretion independently of its DHHC motif. 1870 6

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cbk1 is a LATS/Ndr protein kinase and a downstream component of the regulation of Ace2 and morphogenesis (RAM) signaling network. Cbk1 and the RAM network are required for cellular morphogenesis, cell separation, and maintenance of cell integrity. Here, we examine the phenotypes of conditional cbk1 mutants to determine the essential function of Cbk1. Cbk1 inhibition severely disrupts growth and protein secretion, and triggers the Swe1-dependent morphogenesis checkpoint. Cbk1 inhibition also delays the polarity establishment of the exocytosis regulators Rab-GTPase Sec4 and its exchange factor Sec2, but it does not interfere with actin polarity establishment. Cbk1 binds to and phosphorylates Sec2, suggesting that it regulates Sec4-dependent exocytosis. Intriguingly, Cbk1 inhibition causes a >30% decrease in post-Golgi vesicle accumulation in late secretion mutants, indicating that Cbk1 also functions upstream of Sec2-Sec4, perhaps at the level of the Golgi. In agreement, conditional cbk1 mutants mislocalize the cis-Golgi mannosyltransferase Och1, are hypersensitive to the aminoglycoside hygromycin B, and exhibit diminished invertase and Sim1 glycosylation. Significantly, the conditional lethality and hygromycin B sensitivity of cbk1 mutants are suppressed by moderate overexpression of several Golgi mannosyltransferases. These data suggest that an important function for Cbk1 and the RAM signaling network is to regulate growth and secretion via Golgi and Sec2/Sec4-dependent processes.
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PMID:The yeast LATS/Ndr kinase Cbk1 regulates growth via Golgi-dependent glycosylation and secretion. 1884 45

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an attractive model plant for investigating fruit development because of its morphological, physiological, and biochemical diversity. Quantification of gene expression by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) with stably expressed reference genes for normalization can effectively elucidate the biological functions of genes that regulate fruit development. However, the reference genes for data normalization in melon fruits have not yet been systematically validated. This study aims to assess the suitability of 20 genes for their potential use as reference genes in melon fruits. Expression variations of these genes were measured in 24 samples that represented different developmental stages of fertilized and parthenocarpic melon fruits by qRT-PCR analysis. GeNorm identified ribosomal protein L (CmRPL) and cytosolic ribosomal protein S15 (CmRPS15) as the best pair of reference genes, and as many as five genes including CmRPL, CmRPS15, TIP41-like family protein (CmTIP41), cyclophilin ROC7 (CmCYP7), and ADP ribosylation factor 1 (CmADP) were required for more reliable normalization. NormFinder ranked CmRPS15 as the best single reference gene, and RAN GTPase gene family (CmRAN) and TATA-box binding protein (CmTBP2) as the best combination of reference genes in melon fruits. Their effectiveness was further validated by parallel analyses on the activities of soluble acid invertase and sucrose phosphate synthase, and expression profiles of their respective encoding genes CmAIN2 and CmSPS1, as well as sucrose contents during melon fruit ripening. The validated reference genes will help to improve the accuracy of gene expression studies in melon fruits.
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PMID:Assessment of Suitable Reference Genes for Quantitative Gene Expression Studies in Melon Fruits. 2753 16