Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.23 (beta-galactosidase)
14,648 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mouse monoclonal IgG1 specific for hepatitis B surface antigen and ovine polyclonal antibody raised against digoxin were covalently coupled by a diazotisation method to small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) composed of equimolar phospholipid and cholesterol supplemented with 6 mol% aminophenylstearylamine (APSA). Up to 33% of the antibody used was associated with vesicles, depending on the phospholipid and the antibody type used. Antibody-coated SUV were mixed with carboxyfluorescein (CF) or beta-galactosidase to generate multilamellar dehydration-rehydration vesicles (DRV) containing CF or active enzyme. In contrast, coupling of antibodies directly to beta-galactosidase-containing DRV resulted in total inactivation of the enzyme. About 85% of the SUV-bound antibody was recovered in DRV and of this, 78-82% was exposed on the liposomal surface, possibly because of reorientation of the APSA-antibody complex during DRV formation. Antibody-coated DRV remained stable in the presence of plasma at 37 degrees C and also under storage at 4 degrees C. Further, antibody coupled to such liposomes was capable of efficient interaction with the respective antigen. The present method allows the attachment of antibodies to the liposomal surface independently of entrapment of solutes, the activity of which is thus preserved, and could be adapted to alternative coupling procedures or ligands.
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PMID:Dehydration-rehydration vesicle methodology facilitates a novel approach to antibody binding to liposomes. 271 95

Genes encoding antigens of Eimeria acervulina were cloned from cDNA expression libraries prepared from the sporozoite and merozoite stages in order to examine humoral and cellular immune responses to this protozoan parasite. Two clones expressing surface antigens were characterized by DNA hybridization studies to identify homologous genomic DNA fragments. The proteins they encode were identified by 125I-labeling, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and T-cell activation experiments. One, designated cSZ-1, encodes a 130-kDa beta-galactosidase fusion protein which represents a portion of a p240/p160 immunodominant sporozoite surface antigen. Immunofluorescence studies using anti-cSZ-1 sera and live or 1% paraformaldehyde-fixed E. acervulina sporozoites have confirmed this surface locale. Purified cSZ-1 fusion protein, which is not recognized by sera from E. acervulina-infected chickens, induced the activation of immune T lymphocytes in vitro. Another cDNA clone, designated cMZ-8, gives rise to a 150-kDa fusion protein and encodes a portion of a p250 immunodominant merozoite surface antigen. This was established by immunoblotting of 125I-labeled merozoite proteins with anti-cMZ-8 sera and immunofluorescence staining of live and 1% paraformaldehyde-fixed E. acervulina merozoites. Purified cMZ-8 is recognized by sera from E. acervulina-infected chickens and induces a significant activation of immune T lymphocytes in vitro.
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PMID:Eimeria acervulina: DNA cloning and characterization of recombinant sporozoite and merozoite antigens. 283 59

A recombinant cDNA library constructed in the expression vector lambda gtll using mRNA from the trypomastigote stage of Trypanosoma cruzi was screened with two monoclonal antibodies that have been shown to react with a 105 kDa and a 90 kDa surface antigen in trypomastigotes of the Peru and Y strains of T. cruzi. One recombinant lambda phage, designated Tcc-20, was reactive to both monoclonals. The beta-galactosidase/T. cruzi hybrid protein encoded in Tcc-20 is recognized by the monoclonal antibodies and by serum antibodies from mice infected with strains of T. cruzi which contain the 90 kDa antigen. Antibodies immunoselected from serum of mice infected with the Peru strain by adsorption to Tcc-20 fusion protein react specifically with a 90 kDa polypeptide in trypomastigote but not epimastigote lysates of T. cruzi. The mRNA complementary to the DNA insert in Tcc-20 is present only in those stages and strains of T. cruzi which express the 90 kDa surface antigen. These characteristics are strong evidence that the T. cruzi DNA fragment cloned into Tcc-20 encodes a portion of the 90 kDa surface antigen. The gene(s) which encodes this polypeptide is shown to be present in approximately 20 copies per haploid genome and most, and possibly all, of the copies are found in a tandemly linked multigene family.
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PMID:Stage and strain specific expression of the tandemly repeated 90 kDa surface antigen gene family in Trypanosoma cruzi. 283 52

A bidirectional expression vector containing both the 11KD late promoter (p11) and the presumptive 25KD early promoter (p25) was constructed. These bidirectional vectors have been applied to the expression of hepatitis B surface antigen by using one of the promoters for beta-galactosidase as the marker gene and the other one for hepatitis B surface antigen as the target gene.
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PMID:Construction and application of plasmids containing bidirectional promoters of vaccinia virus. 284 96

A novel expression system based on coinfection of cells with two recombinant vaccinia viruses has been developed. One recombinant vaccinia virus contained the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase gene under control of a vaccinia virus promoter. The second recombinant vaccinia virus contained a target gene of choice flanked by bacteriophage T7 promoter and termination sequences. Maximum expression of the target gene occurred when cells were infected with 10 PFU of each recombinant virus. Although T7 RNA polymerase synthesis began shortly after infection, the target gene was not expressed until late times and was largely inhibited when DNA replication was blocked. Target gene transcripts were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and had the predicted size. With this system, Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase, hepatitis B virus surface antigen, and human immunodeficiency virus envelope proteins were made. In each case, the level of synthesis was greater than had previously been obtained with the more conventional recombinant vaccinia virus expression system.
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PMID:Use of a hybrid vaccinia virus-T7 RNA polymerase system for expression of target genes. 311 59

Sequence analysis of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome revealed the presence of an open reading frame (ORF X) which has the potential to encode a 154-amino acid polypeptide. A fusion protein containing 145 of the amino acids encoded by ORF X and 8 amino acids of beta-galactosidase was expressed and characterized in bacterial extracts. Immunoprecipitations with the ORF X fusion protein as a radioactively labeled antigen were performed to screen sera of humans infected with HBV for the presence of antibodies against ORF X-encoded determinants (anti-X). Such antibodies were identified in 9 samples from a set of 26 sera characterized as positive for HBV surface antigen but were not found in 16 normal human sera. The data reported here demonstrate that sera from some patients with markers of HBV infection contain antibodies directed against the polypeptide encoded by ORF X. As such, these findings represent evidence that ORF X constitutes a gene, or a portion of a gene, which is expressed during HBV infection. Although there does not appear to be a direct relationship between anti-X and any individual markers of HBV infection, our data suggest that anti-X is more prevalent in HBV-positive sera containing antibodies to HBe3 antigen (anti-HBe3).
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PMID:Hepatitis B virus polypeptide X: expression in Escherichia coli and identification of specific antibodies in sera from hepatitis B virus-infected humans. 351 Mar 11

Using dodecadeoxynucleotides as primers for DNA synthesis and 3'-o-chlorophenyl-phosphorylated dodecadeoxynucleotides as "stoppers" for chain elongation, pre-defined regions of a gene previously cloned in M13 single-stranded (ss) DNA phage were converted into double-stranded (ds) DNA utilizing the action of the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (PolIk). The resulting ds DNA was freed from the ss region by S1 nuclease treatment. This method can be used to obtain DNA fragments of any size with pre-defined 5' and 3' ends. About 15% of the input ss DNA template molecules are converted into ds DNA fragments. This technique was used to synthesize several DNA fragments from different portions of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) gene. The products were then ligated into a yeast plasmid vector that carries the E. coli lacZ gene which is located downstream from the yeast acid-phosphatase promotor. Using this system, several fragments of HBsAg were produced in the form of beta-galactosidase fused protein.
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PMID:Cloning a defined region of DNA using a limited action of DNA polymerase: application to dissection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen gene. 378 Dec 47

We constructed a plasmid coexpression vector that directs the insertion of a foreign gene of interest together with the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta gal) gene into the thymidine kinase (TK) locus of the vaccinia virus genome. Tissue culture cells that had been infected with vaccinia virus were transfected with a plasmid vector containing a foreign gene. TK- recombinants could be selected by a plaque assay on TK- cells in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and distinguished from spontaneous TK- mutants by the addition of a beta-gal indicator to the agarose overlay. Plaques that expressed beta-gal stained dark blue within several hours at 37 degrees C. Alternatively, TK- selection could be eliminated, and recombinant plaques could be readily identified solely by their blue color. The reverse procedure, in which the starting virus expresses beta-gal (i.e., forms blue plaques) and the desired recombinant has deleted the entire beta-gal gene (i.e., forms white plaques), is another alternative. Each protocol was tested by constructing vaccinia virus recombinants that express hepatitis B virus surface antigen.
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PMID:Vaccinia virus expression vector: coexpression of beta-galactosidase provides visual screening of recombinant virus plaques. 393 16

A segment from the pre-s region of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) was inserted into an open reading frame vector allowing for the expression in Escherichia coli of viral determinants as part of a fusion protein. The bacterially synthesized fusion molecule contained eight amino acids from beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) at the N terminus, followed by 89 pre-s-encoded amino acids and 219 amino acids of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) at the C terminus (beta-gal:pre-s:CAT). This tribrid protein was used to generate antiserum which had a significant titer to the viral portion of the fusion polypeptide. Anti-beta-gal:pre-s:CAT was used in Western blot analysis to identify viral proteins containing pre-s-encoded determinants. Antiserum to the tribrid molecule recognized four WHV polypeptides with molecular masses of 33, 36, 45, and 47 kilodaltons, each of which was also recognized by a monoclonal antibody to WHV surface antigen. Using the same anti-tribrid serum, we also identified analogous polypeptides from ground squirrel hepatitis virus. The antiserum was also used to immunoprecipitate virus particles containing endogenous DNA polymerase activity, indicating that pre-s determinants are found on the surface of mature virions. Based on previous computer studies and the location of pre-s-encoded molecules on the surface of virus particles, a role in hepadnavirus host cell entry is suggested for these polypeptides.
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PMID:Identification and localization of pre-s-encoded polypeptides from woodchuck and ground squirrel hepatitis viruses. 394 37

Hepatitis B is a widespread viral disease. In the absence of cell cultures capable of propagating the virus (HBV) an efficient vaccine has been prepared from viral envelopes isolated from the plasma of chronic carriers. The major polypeptide of the envelope is one of molecular weight 25,000 which carries the surface antigen (HBsAg). Therefore, the biosynthesis of this polypeptide in Escherichia coli may offer an alternative procedure to produce HbsAg free from human proteins. Recently, the HBV genome has been cloned in E.coli. Determination of its primary structure allowed the localization of the gene (called gene S) coding for HBsAg and the synthesis of the core antigen in E.coli has been reported. We have constructed a derivative of bacteriophage lambda carrying a fusion between the beta-galactosidase gene (lacZ) and the HBsAg coding sequence (lambdalacHBs-1). Infection of E.coli with lambdalacHBs-1 leads to the biosynthesis of a polypeptide of molecular weitht 138,000 carrying antigenic determinants of HBV surface antigen.
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PMID:Biosynthesis of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in Escherichia coli. 615 92


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