Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.23 (beta-galactosidase)
14,648 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study reports on the binding of beta-galactosidase obtained from different organs of the rat urogenital tract to membranes of these organs. Homologous and cross binding saturation assays indicated that: (1) high-affinity sites that recognize fructose-6-phosphate derivates (FPR) are present in spermatozoa from the rete testis, epididymal membranes and testes, although the latter may reflect binding to testicular spermatozoa; (2) the membranes of the other organs studied do not have FPR; (3) the FPR of the epididymis does not recognize enzymes purified from other organs of the reproductive tract. These results suggest that the FPR-binding system belongs to a peculiar transport route that permits maturing spermatozoa to acquire hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the epididymal epithelium. In the epididymis and seminal vesicles more than 50% of the enzymatic activity of beta-galactosidase was recovered in cytosol, suggesting that the enzyme is located mainly in the secretory fluid of these organs.
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PMID:Organ-specific binding system for beta-galactosidase in the male reproductive tract. 856 94

3T3-F442A preadipocytes implanted s.c. into athymic mice develop into fat pads that are indistinguishable from normal adipose tissue. Implanted preadipocytes harboring a beta-galactosidase transgene gave rise to fat pads in which almost all adipocytes expressed beta-galactosidase. This finding proved that the implanted 3T3-F442A preadipocytes, rather than endogenous preadipose cells, gave rise to the newly developed "adipose tissue." 3T3-F442A preadipocytes, when differentiated into adipocytes in cell culture, express the obese gene at an unexpectedly low level, i.e., </=1% the level in adipose tissue. However, adipose tissue derived from s.c. implanted 3T3-F442A preadipocytes expressed leptin mRNA at a level comparable to that in epididymal adipose tissue. These findings indicate that a factor(s) or condition, present in the tissue context and necessary for maximal obese gene expression, is lacking in cell culture. Furthermore, adipocytes derived from the implanted cells were hormonally responsive in that leptin mRNA levels were up-regulated 3- to 8-fold by glucocorticoid injection into the host animal. Thus, these findings indicate that adipose-specific promoter-reporter constructs, transfected into 3T3-F442A preadipocytes, can be tested in an in vivo context during and after development of these cells into adipose tissue. Furthermore, the effect of transgenes on the adipogenic development of the implanted preadipocytes can be assessed. Thus, this approach offers a faster and less costly alternative to the transgenic mouse method for assessing adipose gene function.
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PMID:Obese gene expression at in vivo levels by fat pads derived from s.c. implanted 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. 911 73

The purpose of the present study is to purify, kinetically characterize and measure the amount of soluble acid beta-D-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) in different anatomical regions (caput, corpus, and cauda) of the adult rat epididymis. Based upon SDS-PAGE analysis, the subunit molecular mass of the caput and cauda enzyme is approximately 85,000 daltons while the corpus enzyme is approximately 50,000 daltons. The apparent Km and Vmax values are 67, 24, and 59 microM and 5.0, 1.88 and 6.3 microM/min./-mg protein for the enzyme purified from the caput, corpus, and cauda regions of the epididymis, respectively. However, no regional differences in the amount of soluble enzyme protein are observed. These data demonstrates regional differences in the activity of epididymal acid beta-D-galactosidase and suggest that the observed regional differences in enzyme activity may be due to posttranslational modifications.
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PMID:Purification, characterization, and expression of rat epididymal beta-D-galactosidase. 924 2

Prolonged treatment with tamoxifen induces changes in the male reproductive tract in rats. In this study changes in the protein content of the rat epididymal fluid as a consequence of prolonged treatment with tamoxifen are reported. Among five lysosomal enzymes measured in the epididymal fluid, alpha-mannosidase (alpha-MAN) significantly diminished, but other enzymes did not. Electrophoretic analysis of fluids showed that proteins of estimated molecular weight 25, 60, 80-85 and 180 kDa decreased in the treated rats. We also detected an increase in the binding of beta-galactosidase (beta-GAL) to caudal spermatozoa in treated rats. These changes may be related in part to the loss of fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa after tamoxifen treatment.
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PMID:Changes in the content of rat epididymal fluid induced by prolonged treatment with tamoxifen. 983 49

Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the leptin gene causes severe hyperleptinemia with rapid disappearance of visible body fat. To determine if this dramatic lipopenic action is mediated by neurotransmitted signals from the central nervous system, we transplanted the right epididymal fat pad of normal rats to the anterior abdominal wall. Four weeks later, rats were infused with either adenovirus-leptin cDNA (AdCMV-leptin) or adenovirus-beta-galactosidase (AdCMV-beta-gal). Eight days later, plasma leptin averaged 23 +/- 12 ng/ml in the former and 1.2 +/- 0.4 ng/ml in the latter. The fat transplant was intact in all 4 AdCMV-beta-gal-infused rats but had disappeared in all 4 hyperleptinemic rats. Tyrosine hydroxylase staining of the fat pad remnant was negative, excluding regrowth of sympathetic nerves. Thus, the lipopenic action of severe hyperleptinemia on adipocytes is not mediated by neurotransmitters, but must have resulted either from direct action of leptin and/or from leptin-mediated neurohormones.
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PMID:Hyperleptinemia depletes fat from denervated fat tissue. 1040 21

The impact of hyperthyroidism on epididymal glycosidases was studied in albino rats. Hyperthyroidism was induced in Wistar rats aged 30 days by daily injection of T4 (25 microg/100 g body weight/day intramuscularly) for 30 or 60 days; control rats were injected with vehicle (alkaline saline, pH 7.8). One set of hyperthyroid rats was reverted to euthyroid status by withdrawing T4 treatment after 30 days of hyperthyroidism. To asses the direct effect of thyroid hormone on epididymal hexosaminidases, caput, corpus and cauda tissues were stimulated with 25, 50 or 100 ng/mL T3 for 24 h, after an initial culture of 24 h. The activity of beta-glucosidase decreased in caput, corpus and cauda epididymis of hyperthyroid rats. beta-Galactosidase activity increased in the caput epididymis irrespective of the duration of hyperthyroidism. While a similar decrease occurred in the corpus and cauda epididymis in the 30 day hyperthyroid group, an opposite trend was observed in 60 day hyperthyroid rats. Caput beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities increased at both time points, whereas activity decreased in the corpus and cauda in 30 day, but increased in 60 day hyperthyroid rats. Hyperthyroidism consistently increased caput and corpus beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity irrespective of the duration. Cauda epididymal beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity was decreased in 30 day and increased in 60 day hyperthyroid rats. Hyperthyroidism induced changes in caput beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidases, corpus beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and cauda beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase which were irreversible while the remaining actvities were brought back to normal when T4 treatment was withdrawn. In vitro studies showed that T3 stimulates epididymal hexosaminidases (beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase) irrespective of the dose. These data suggest that thyroid hormones have a specific and direct influence on glycosidases in specific regions of the epididymis.
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PMID:Differential effect of hyperthyroidism on rat epididymal glycosidases. 1145 72

The possibility of inadvertent exposure of gonadal tissue to gene therapy vectors has raised safety concerns about germline infection. We show here that the receptor for coxsackie B viruses and adenoviruses 2 and 5 (CXADR) is expressed in mouse germ cells, suggesting the possibility that these viruses could infect germ cells. To directly assess the risk of germline infection in vivo, we injected an adenovirus carrying the germ-cell-specific protamine promoter fused to the bacterial lacZ reporter gene into the left ventricular cavity of mice and then monitored expression of the reporter gene in germ cells. To differentiate between infection of stem cells and differentiating spermatogenic cells, we analyzed expression of the reporter cassette at different times after viral delivery. Under all conditions tested, mice did not express the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase protein in developing spermatids or in mature epididymal spermatozoa. Primary germ cells cultured in vitro were also refractory to adenoviral infection. Our data suggest that the chance of vertical germline transmission and insertional mutagenesis is highly unlikely following intracoronary adenoviral delivery.
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PMID:Absence of germline infection in male mice following intraventricular injection of adenovirus. 1173 45

The epithelium of the epididymal tubule has different biological functions in different regions of the tubule. Each region is further organized into lobules or intra-regional segments surrounded by connective tissue septa (CTS). Epididymal segmentation has received little direct attention, yet there is considerable evidence that expression of mRNA and protein often begins or ends precisely at the CTS border of a segment. How such 'on-off' regulation occurs coincident with the passing of the tubule from one segment to the next is unknown. This study examined the segmentation of epididymides in rats and mice. The average adult Sprague-Dawley rat and C57BL/6 mouse caput, corpus and cauda epididymides has seven, two and four, and three, one and two segments, respectively. The apoptosis response of the caput epididymal epithelium to deprivation of lumicrine factors 24 h after efferent duct ligation in rats and the epididymal expression of a marker protein, beta-galactosidase, in mice were segmented precisely. This validated both at a general response and at a specific protein level that many epididymal functions are regulated within segments. Blue dextran (molecular weight 20000) and erythrocine red (molecular weight 880) dyes infused into the interstitial space of specific segments by micropuncture were retained by the CTS of the segments. In similar micropuncture experiments, [(3)H]H(2)O (molecular weight 18) was able to diffuse into an adjacent segment relatively freely whereas [(14)C]polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 4000) could not. These studies indicate that the interstitium of intra-regional segments is organized into different physiological compartments and that these compartments play a role in regulating the epididymal epithelium.
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PMID:Association of segmentation of the epididymal interstitium with segmented tubule function in rats and mice. 1277 10

In this study specific activities of four acid glycosidases: beta-N-acethylhexosaminidase (beta-HEX), beta-galactosidase (beta-GAL), alpha- and beta-mannosidase (alpha- and beta-MAN) were investigated in Japanese quail testes and epididymides during posthatch development and regression after light reduction. The specific activity of testicular beta-HEX and beta-GAL increased steadily during posthatch development and assumed maximum values for testes weighing 200-400 mg, when numerous spermatocytes appear in the testes of quail, and then decreased slowly. These enzymes showed much higher specific activity after 15 days of light reduction, and decreased to the control level after 30 days. Activity of alpha- and beta-MAN remained rather constant during testicular development and involution. The epididymal activity of the acid glycosidases was very low in immature individuals, whereas in sexually mature birds it was found to increase several-fold. Short photoperiod resulted in a decreased activity of these enzymes after 30 days to the values found in immature birds. A marked increase in the activity of acid glycosidases in the epididymides of sexually mature animals and a decrease in this activity during epididymidal regression indicate that these enzymes take part in reproductive processes. It is concluded that the activities of beta-HEX, beta-GAL, alpha- and beta-MAN in the development and regression of Japanese quail testes and epididymides change similarly as in mammals.
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PMID:Changes in the activity of acid glycosidases during posthatch development and regression after light reduction of Japanese quail testes and epididymides. 1721 59

Dermcidin (DCD), an antimicrobial peptide that is secreted by sweat glands, is reportedly a human homolog of mouse proteolysis-inducing factor. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of DCD on body fat mobilization. The expression level of DCD in the livers of Ad-DCD-injected mice was higher than in those of Ad-beta-galactosidase (Ad-beta-gal)-injected mice 7 days after injection. In addition, injection with the Ad-DCD virus led to decreased body weight and epididymal fat mass when compared with controls. The plasma triglyceride level was decreased, whereas the free fatty acid and glycerol levels were increased in the Ad-DCD-injected group. Epididymal adipose tissues obtained from Ad-DCD-injected mice consisted of smaller adipocytes than tissues obtained from Ad-beta-gal-injected mice. The gene expression profiles revealed an upregulation of hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose fatty acid-binding protein, both of which are involved in adipocyte lipolysis, in Ad-DCD-injected mice, and this lipolytic effect of DCD paralleled the increase of circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) level that was observed. The perilipin levels in adipose tissue were decreased in Ad-DCD-injected mice when compared with those of the control mice. Taken together, these results suggest that DCD-mediated body fat reduction might occur as a result of TNF-alpha-induced downregulation of perilipin in adipose tissue.
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PMID:Effect of dermcidin, an antimicrobial peptide, on body fat mobilization in normal mice. 1846 79


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