Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.23 (beta-galactosidase)
 14,648 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human adult lung fragments removed from macroscopically undamaged and anthracosis exempted zones of lungs of 20 pneumonectomies made for cancer, were tested for 25 enzymic activities. The location and intensities of these enzymic activities were different in the lung tissue components; The bronchial epithelia contained highly active LDH, MDH, SDH, NADH-TR and NADPH-TR, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, active hydroxyproline-2-epimerase, alkaline phosphatase. Ca2+-activated ATP-ase, and beta-galactosidase. Bronchial and vascular muscles presented intense activities of LDH, MDH and SDH of alkalinephosphatase, AMP-ase and Ca2+-activated ATP-ase, as well as of beta-galactosidase. The alveolar walls presented high activities of SDH, MDH and LDH, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, of beta-galactosidase and of Tween-40 and 60-esterases, of HEP, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase. The free alveolar macrophages were active for LDH, MDH, SDH, NADH-TR and NADPH-TR, G1-6-ph-DH, acid and alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase, HEP, AMP-ase and Mg2+-activated ATP-ase, Tween-esterases, naphthol-ASD-acetate esterase, and beta-galactosidase. The endothelia contained high activities of alkaline phosphatase, of AMP-ase and Mg2+-activated ATPase, of LDH, MDH and SDH, and of beta-galactosidase. In bronchial lymphoid nodules it was the LDH, MDH, SDH, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase, HEP, alkaline phosphatase and AMP-ase, Tween-60-esterase and beta-galactosidase that were active. The interlobular areas of the lung presented intense activities of SDH, MDH, LDH, HEP and cytochrome-oxidase. The activities of the other tested enzymes were weaker or absent in the adult human lung components, the same as those of aminopeptidases which were present only in some free alveolar macrophages. The discussion of some relationships between these enzymic actitivies and the morphology of the human adult lung tissue asserted that the latter could not be considered as a "normal" tissue but as one overstrained by the components of blood and polluted air.
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PMID:Histoenzymology of the lung. I. Enzyme activities of the lung tissue of acult humans; relationships between structure and functions. 14 Mar 14

Muscle hypertrophy was induced in the soleus muscle of young rats by tenotomy of the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles. Three and 7 days afterwards the sciatic nerve was sectioned. The loss of weight of muscles subjected to this combined procedure three days after denervation was 30-40%. Lysosomal enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) and energy enzyme activities (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, triose-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, TPDH , D-hexokinase, HK and citrate synthase, CS) were determined 3 days after denervation, 3, 7 and 10 days after hypertrophy had been induced and 3 days after denervation of hypertrophying muscles on day 3 and 7. Normal non-operated rats of corresponding body weight served as controls and their enzyme activities were estimated on the same day. In the course of muscle hypertrophy, the 4 lysosomal enzyme activities increased progressively. Although 3 days' denervation of control muscles did not alter lysosomal enzyme activities, denervation of hypertrophying muscles greatly enhanced the activity of these enzymes. Enzymes of energy metabolism were affected to a lesser degree. The results suggest that denervation of hypertrophying muscles causes more extreme changes in muscle weight and lysosomal enzyme activities than denervation alone. The possible implications of this finding are discussed in relation to the rapid atrophy.
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PMID:Lysosomal and energy enzyme activities in hypertrophied rat soleus muscle after denervation. 671 25

Components of the mammalian sperm acrosome that have been conserved during evolution are probably essential for fertilization and are therefore potential antigens for the development of an immunocontraceptive vaccine. In order to identify such protein components, a series of specific polyclonal antisera were generated by immunizing rabbits with purified acrosomal membrane fractions from hamster epididymal spermatozoa. Antisera were finally selected using immunological and in-vitro fertilization assays, and used to then screen a human testis lambda gt11 cDNA library. As a result of this screening over 70 clones were identified, selected and purified. The cDNAs were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the inserts characterized by restriction enzyme digestion and oligonucleotide probing techniques. The functional activity beta-galactosidase fusion proteins expressed by these clones (HA5-2, HA6-2 and HB4-1) inhibited significantly fertilization and reduced spermatozoa binding compared to controls. To date, sequence data has been obtained from HB4-1 (1.75 kb). The first 1132 nucleotides displayed > 96% homology to human testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-C4) gene, the product of which is a known candidate antigen for a contraceptive vaccine. This finding suggests that a strategy involving the screening across species for conserved moieties of the mammalian acrosome may be useful for identifying candidate antigens for immunocontraception.
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PMID:A strategy for identifying candidate sperm antigens for immunocontraception: isolation of human testis cDNA clones using polyclonal antisera directed against hamster acrosomal membrane preparation. 755 86

The stabilizing effect of mannitol during the freeze-drying of proteins was studied using L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, rabbit muscle), beta-galactosidase (Escherichia coli) and L-asparaginase (Erwinia chrysanthemi) as model proteins. Crystallization of mannitol was studied by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in relation to the stabilizing effect. All the enzymes were protected concentration-dependently by amorphous mannitol, but the stabilizing effect was decreased with an increase in mannitol crystallinity. The heat-treatment of frozen solutions above crystallization temperature prior to drying enhanced mannitol crystallization and LDH inactivation. The importance of maintaining excipients in an amorphous state during freeze-drying, previously reported for Aspergillus oryzae beta-galactosidase (K. Izutsu et al., Pharm. Res., 10, 1233 (1993)), was confirmed using three different enzymes.
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PMID:Effect of mannitol crystallinity on the stabilization of enzymes during freeze-drying. 812 65

Advances in liver surgery and transplantation have lead to a steady increase in the number of these interventions. Prompt quantitative assessment of hepatic of hepatic function and a patient's subsequent morbidity and mortality following surgery remain difficult despite the currently utilized historic markers of hepatic parenchymal injury (e.g., aspartate transaminase [AST], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT]). Increases in serum glycohydrolase activities appear to provide sensitive and quantitative markers of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. In 10 male swine (25 to 35 kg body weight) following 30, 45, and 90 minutes of acute hepatic ischemia, the systemic release of eight different glycohydrolases and lipid peroxides into serum were determined and compared with pre- and postischemic serum levels of LDH, GGT, and AST. The rapid release of glycohydrolases into serum was directly proportional to the length of the ischemic period from 30 to 90 minutes; e.g., beta-glucosidase, mean 1.9-fold increase at 30 minutes; 8.3-fold at 45 minutes; and 22.8-fold at 90 minutes; P < .002) and the activities peaked within the first 3 hours postischemia. In constrast, AST, LDH, and GGT were released slowly and peaked 20 to 30 hours after hepatic blood flow was restored. In swine with fatal outcomes (90 minutes of ischemia), all enzyme levels increased continuously during the final hours of life. However, in swine that survived hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (45 minutes of ischemia) the glycohydrolases, but not AST, LDH, and GGT, declined after 2 to 3 hours' postischemia and the serum lipid peroxide levels followed the same pattern. Serum beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase levels are sensitive markers that rise as quickly as traditional enzyme markers (AST, LDH, GGT) following hepatic ischemic injury; moreover, the glycohydrolases have the added value of serving as predictors of survival.
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PMID:Glycohydrolases as markers of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and recovery. 870 56

We assessed the role of .NO in recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene transfer both in vitro and in vivo. NIH3T3 fibroblasts, stably transfected with the human inducible nitric oxide synthase, but lacking tetrahydrobiopterin (NIH3T3/iNOS [inducibile nitric oxide synthase]), were infected with replication-deficient adenovirus (E1-deleted), containing either the luciferase or the Lac Z reporter genes (AdCMV-Luc and AdCMV-Lac Z; 1-10 plaque forming units [pfu]/cell). Incubation of infected cells with sepiapterin (50 microM), a precursor of tetrahydrobiopterin, progressively increased nitrate/nitrite levels in the medium and decreased both luciferase and beta-galactosidase protein expression to approximately 60% of their corresponding control values, 24 h later. NIH3T3/iNOS cells had normal ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) levels and did not release LDH(lactic dehydrogenase) into the medium. Pretreatment of these cells with N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 1 mM), an inhibitor of iNOS, prevented the sepiapterin-mediated induction of .NO and restored gene transfer to baseline values. Incubation of NIH3T3/iNOS with 8-bromo-cGMP (400 microM) in the absence of sepiapterin, or exposure of AdCMV-Luc to large concentrations of .NO, did not alter the efficacy of gene transfer. .NO produced by NIH3T3/iNOS cells also suppressed beta-galactosidase expression in NIH3T3 cocultured cells stably transfected with beta-galactosidase gene, suggesting .NO inhibited gene expression at either the transriptional or posttranscriptional levels. To investigate the effects of inhaled .NO on gene transfer in vivo, CD1 mice received an intratracheal instillation of AdCMV-Luc (4 x 10(9) pfu in 80 microl of saline) and exposed to .NO (25 ppm in room air) for 72 h. At that time, no significant degree of lung inflammation was detected by histological examination. However, lung luciferase activity decreased by 53% as compared with air breathing controls (P < 0.05; n > or = 8). We concluded that overproduction of .NO decreases the efficiency of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in lung cells in the absence of cytotoxicity or inflammation.
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PMID:Modulation of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer by nitric oxide. 916 Aug 30

In these experiments precision-cut tissue slices from two existing transgenic mouse strains, with transgenes that couple promoting or binding elements to a reporter protein, were used for determination of reporter induction. This approach combines the power of transgenic animals with the practicality of in vitro systems to investigate the biological impact of xenobiotics. Additionally, the normal cellular architecture and heterogeneity is retained in precision-cut tissue slices. Two transgenic mouse strains, one of which couples the promoting region of CYP 1A1 to beta-galactosidase, and another which couples two forward and two backward 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) repeat elements (TRE) to luciferase (termed AP-1/luciferase), were used to determine the feasibility of this approach. Precision-cut kidney and liver slices from both transgenic strains remain viable as determined by slice K(+) ion content and LDH enzyme release. Liver slices harvested from the CYP 1A1/beta-galactosidase transgenic mice exhibit a 14-fold increase in beta-galactosidase activity when incubated with beta-napthoflavone for 24 h. Kidney and liver slices obtained from the AP-1/luciferase transgenic mice demonstrate induction of luciferase (up to 2.5-fold) when incubated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA or TPA) up to 4 h. These data indicate that precision-cut tissue slices from transgenic mice offer a novel in vitro method for toxicity evaluation while maintaining normal cell heterogeneity.
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PMID:Precision-cut tissue slices from transgenic mice as an in vitro toxicology system. 1265 Jun 74

A waste incinerator fly ash was separated into different grain-size fractions by sieving and sedimentation in butanol. The element content of each fraction was determined by atomic absorption and emission spectrometry. The fly-ash fractions, an eluted fine fly-ash fraction and an eluted airborne dust were analysed microscopically for particle size and numbers, together with standard quartz DQ 12 and three element-analysed airborne dusts. Rabbit alveolar macrophages, isolated by lung lavage, were incubated for 24 h with the particulates, the two eluates and a mixed element compound solution corresponding to the element concentrations of one airborne dust. At the end of incubation, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase and acid phosphatase were determined in medium and cell lysates. Cytotoxicity was expressed as ratio of extracellular to total LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) activity. Release of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase was correlated positively with LDH release, whereas the total activity of acid phosphatase decreased with increasing LDH release. Cytotoxicity of the dusts was correlated with particle numbers, and As, Sb and Pb contents. The contribution of As to particle toxicity is discussed. Eluates of dusts did not affect rabbit alveolar macrophage viability.
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PMID:Cytotoxicity to alveolar macrophages of airborne particles and waste incinerator fly-ash fractions. 1509 35

Bone marrow derived stromal cells (MSCs) can prevent the apoptosis of ischemic cardiomyocytes (CMCs). This anti-apoptosis activity may be related to an activation of the HIF-1alpha signal pathway in MSCs. Therefore, we investigated protective effects of an adenovirus (Ad)-mediated active form of HIF-1alpha (HIF-1alpha-Ala564-Ala803) modified MSCs on CMCs against CoCl(2)-induced apoptosis. At normoxia, pAd-HIF1alpha-Ala564-Ala803 exhibited a stable HIF-1alpha protein expression in MSCs. Compared with the single CMC culture, the TGF-beta1 level and the Bcl-2 expression were significantly increased, concomitant with a reduced expression of caspase-3, the LDH release and TUNEL-positive CMCs in CMC and MSC, beta-galactosidase (LacZ)-MSC or HIF-1alpha-Ala564-Ala803-MSC coculture exposed to CoCl(2). Furthermore, these effects were more prominent in CMC and HIF-1alpha-Ala564-Ala803-MSC coculture than in CMC and MSC or LacZ-MSC coculture exposed to CoCl(2). Pre-transfection of TGF-beta1-small interfering RNA (siRNA) effectively inhibited the TGF-beta1 level, resulting in a dramatic reduction in the Bcl-2 expression as well as an increased level of apoptosis in CMC and HIF-1alpha-Ala564-Ala803-MSC coculture exposure to CoCl(2), whereas pre-transfection of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-siRNA had no such effects. These data suggest that HIF1alpha-Ala564-Ala803 modified MSCs have better protective effects of CMCs against the CoCl(2)-induced apoptosis and these protective effects are at least partly TGF-beta1-mediated.
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PMID:Bone marrow derived stromal cells modified by adenovirus-mediated HIF-1alpha double mutant protect cardiac myocytes against CoCl2-induced apoptosis. 1952 Jan 52