Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.23 (beta-galactosidase)
 14,648 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Australine [(1R,2R,3R,7S,7aR)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,7-trihydroxypyrrolizid ine] is a polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloid that was isolated from the seeds of the Australian tree Castanospermum australe and characterized by NMR and X-ray diffraction analysis [Molyneux et al. (1988) J. Nat. Prod. (in press)]. Since swainsonine and catanospermine are polyhydroxylated indolizidine alkaloids that inhibit specific glycosidases, we tested australine against a variety of exoglycosidases to determine whether it would inhibit any of these enzymes. This alkaloid proved to be a good inhibitor of the alpha-glucosidase amyloglucosidase (50% inhibition at 5.8 microM), but it did not inhibit beta-glucosidase, alpha- or beta-mannosidase, or alpha- or beta-galactosidase. The inhibition of amyloglucosidase was of a competitive nature. Australine also inhibited the glycoprotein processing enzyme glucosidase I, but had only slight activity toward glucosidase II. When incubated with cultured cells, this alkaloid inhibited glycoprotein processing at the glucosidase I step and caused the accumulation of glycoproteins with Glc3Man7-9(GlcNAc)2-oligosaccharides.
 ...
PMID:Australine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid that inhibits amyloglucosidase and glycoprotein processing. 249 72

A second indolizidine alkaloid, epimeric with castanospermine, has been isolated from seeds of the Australian tree Castanospermum australe. The structure was established as 6-epicastanospermine by proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. 6-Epicastanospermine was found to be a potent inhibitor of amyloglucosidase, (an exo-1,4-alpha-glucosidase), a weak inhibitor of beta-galactosidase, and not to inhibit beta-glucosidase and alpha-mannosidase. These results indicate that glycosidase inhibitory activity cannot be predicted by comparison of the structure and stereochemistry with the appropriate sugars, since 6-epicastanospermine is an analog of mannose and not of glucose. The inhibition of amyloglucosidase was found to be competitive and to be more effective at higher pH values. Castanospermine and 6-epicastanospermine differed in their effect upon the mung bean processing enzymes, glucosidase I and II, in that the former is a potent inhibitor whereas the latter is a very poor inhibitor. Subtle alterations in stereochemistry of these alkaloids can therefore produce significant changes in their biological activity.
 ...
PMID:6-Epicastanospermine, a novel indolizidine alkaloid that inhibits alpha-glucosidase. 309 43

The chemical synthesis of swainsonine [(1S,2R,8R,8 alpha R)-trihydroxyindolizidine] from trans-1,4-dichloro-2-butene was previously described [Adams, C. E., Walker, F. J., & Sharpless, K. B. (1985) J. Org. Chem. 50, 420-424]. A modification of that synthesis provided two other isomers, referred to here as "Glc-swainsonine" [(1S,2S,8R,8 alpha R)-trihydroxyindolizidine] and "Ido-swainsonine" [(1S,2S,8S,8 alpha R)-trihydroxyindolizidine]. To determine whether these new compounds had biological activity, they were compared to swainsonine as inhibitors of a number of commercially available glycosidases. While swainsonine is a potent inhibitor of jack bean alpha-mannosidase but does not inhibit other glycosidases, its two isomers were inactive on alpha-mannosidase but did inhibit other enzymes. Thus, Glc-swainsonine was an inhibitor of the fungal alpha-glucosidase amyloglucosidase, and this inhibition was of a competitive nature (Ki = 5 X 10(-5) M) with respect to the substrate p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. This alkaloid also inhibited beta-glucosidase, but much less effectively than alpha-glucosidase. On the other hand, Ido-swainsonine was more effective toward beta-glucosidase than toward alpha-glucosidase, and this inhibition was also of a competitive nature. None of these inhibitors were effective against beta-mannosidase or alpha- or beta-galactosidase. Glc-swainsonine was also tested against the glycoprotein processing glycosidases. Surprisingly, in this respect, the alkaloid was like swainsonine in that it inhibited mannosidase II but had no effect or only slight effect on glucosidase I, glucosidase II, and mannosidase I. Glc-swainsonine also inhibited glycoprotein processing in cell culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Effect of isomers of swainsonine on glycosidase activity and glycoprotein processing. 311 29

Aspergillus fumigatus secretes a number of glycosidases into the culture medium when the cells are grown in a mineral salts medium containing guar flour (a galactomannan) as the carbon source. At least some of these glycosidases have been reported to be glycoproteins having N-linked oligosaccharides. In this study, we examined the effect of the glycoprotein processing inhibitor, castanospermine, on the structures of the N-linked oligosaccharides and on the secretion of various glycosidases. Cells were grown in the presence of various amounts of castanospermine; at different times of growth, samples of the media were removed for the measurement of enzymatic activity. Of the three glycosidases assayed, beta-hexosaminidase was most sensitive to castanospermine; and its activity was depressed 30 to 40% at 100 micrograms of alkaloid per ml and even more at higher alkaloid concentrations. On the other hand, beta-galactosidase activity was hardly diminished at castanospermine levels of up to 1 mg/ml, but significant inhibition was observed at 2 mg/ml. beta-Galactosidase was intermediate in sensitivity. Cells were grown in the presence or absence of castanospermine and labeled with [2-3H]mannose, [6-3H]glucosamine, or [1-3H]galactose to label the sugar portion of the glycoproteins. The secreted glycoproteins were digested with pronase to obtain glycopeptides, and these were identified on Bio-Gel P-4 (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The glycopeptides were then digested with endoglucosaminidase H to release the peptide portion of susceptible structures, and the released oligosaccharides were reisolated and identified on Bio-Gel P-4. The oligosaccharides from control and castanospermine-grown cells were identified by a combination of enzymatic and chemical studies. In control cells, the oligosaccharide appeared to be mostly Man8GlcNAc and Man9GlcNAc, whereas in the presence of alkaloid, the major structures were Glc3Man7GlcNAc and Glc3Man8GlcNAc. These data fit previous observations that castanospermine inhibits glucosidase I.
 ...
PMID:Effect of castanospermine on the structure and secretion of glycoprotein enzymes in Aspergillus fumigatus. 623