Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.23 (beta-galactosidase)
14,648 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Nine acid hydrolases, cytochrome oxidase, alkaline phenylphosphatase and catalase were demonstrated in 0.25m-sucrose homogenates of newborn-rat calvaria. The acid hydrolases were: acid phenylphosphatase, acid beta-glycerophosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (beta-N-acetylaminodeoxyglucosidase), acid ribonuclease and acid deoxyribonuclease, showing optimum activity at about pH5; cathepsin, beta-galactosidase and hyaluronidase, with optimum activity at about pH3.6. 2. The main kinetic characters of these enzymes have been studied and methods for their quantitative assay have been worked out. The activities present in bone are given and compared with those found in liver. 3. Acid-phosphatase activity was assayed with phenyl phosphate and beta-glycerophosphate as substrates: activities with these two substrates appeared to be due to two different enzymes. Acid phenylphosphatase is particularly labile and is readily inactivated by various physical or chemical agents.
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PMID:Studies on bone enzymes. The assay of acid hydrolases and other enzymes in bone tissue. 1674 42

A mesophilic bacterium, strain 15-52(T), was isolated from the rhizosphere of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris). On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, the bacterium was identified as representing a novel species belonging to the genus Pedobacter. The strain is non-flagellated, non-spore-forming and grows at temperatures in the range 1-37 degrees C. Physiological tests of the strain showed the presence of oxidase, catalase, protease (gelatin and casein hydrolysis), beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase activities. The highest levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity were found with respect to Pedobacter roseus CL-GP80(T) (97.3 %) and Pedobacter sandarakinus DS-27(T) (97.2 %). A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data indicated that strain 15-52(T) is a member of the genus Pedobacter. DNA-DNA hybridization analysis revealed low levels of relatedness (<42.3 %) between the isolate and two phylogenetically related type strains, P. roseus KCCM 42272(T) and P. sandarakinus KCTC 12559(T). The DNA G+C content is 44.2 mol% and the predominant fatty acids are iso-C(15 : 0) (35.4 %), iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)omega7c (27.8 %) and iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH (15.8 %). On the basis of these data, strain 15-52(T) represents a novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter suwonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15-52(T) (=KACC 11317(T)=DSM 18130(T)).
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PMID:Pedobacter suwonensis sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris). 1732 72

A novel, strictly aerobic, heterotrophic, gliding, Gram-negative, oxidase-, catalase-, beta-galactosidase- and alkaline phosphatase-positive marine bacterium, designated strain KMM 6220(T), was isolated from seawater and studied by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The DNA G+C content of strain KMM 6220(T) was 59.9 mol%. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 1), iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) 3-OH, iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH and C(16 : 1)omega7/iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that strain KMM 6220(T) formed a cluster with the misclassified strains [Flexibacter] aggregans NBRC 15974 and [Flexibacter] tractuosus NBRC 16035 and with the type strains of Reichenbachiella agariperforans and Roseivirga ehrenbergii with levels of similarity of 95.9, 94.4, 92.0 and 91.8 %, respectively. On the basis of its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain KMM 6220(T) is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the phylum Bacteroidetes, for which the name Fulvivirga kasyanovii gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is KMM 6220(T) (=CCTCC AB 206119(T)=KCTC 12832(T)).
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PMID:Fulvivirga kasyanovii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from seawater in a mussel farm. 1747 56

A bacterial strain, DC-186(T), isolated from home-made compost, was characterized for its phenotypic and phylogenetic properties. The isolate was a Gram-negative rod that was able to grow at 15-36 degrees C and pH 5.5-8.0. Strain DC-186(T) was positive in tests for catalase, oxidase and beta-galactosidase activities and aesculin hydrolysis. The predominant fatty acids were the summed feature C(16 : 1)/iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH (42 %) and iso-C(15 : 0) (26 %), the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 and the genomic DNA G+C content was 42 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and phenetic characterization indicated that this organism belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes and revealed its affiliation to the family Sphingobacteriaceae. Of recognized taxa, strain DC-186(T) was most closely related to Sphingobacterium daejeonense (90 % sequence similarity) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other recognized taxa and the identification of distinctive phenetic features for this isolate support the definition of a new genus within the family Sphingobacteriaceae. The name Pseudosphingobacterium domesticum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with strain DC-186(T) (=CCUG 54353(T)=LMG 23837(T)) as the type strain.
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PMID:Pseudosphingobacterium domesticum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from home-made compost. 1762 89

A novel species of the Pasteurellaceae, Avibacterium endocarditidis sp. nov., is proposed based upon characterization of 27 isolates from valvular endocarditis in adult broiler parents. All isolates shared the same PFGE type after digestion of DNA with SmaI and XbaI. In addition, all isolates meet the phenotypic characters for the genus Avibacterium. Separation of the novel species from other species of Avibacterium was possible by means of tests for catalase, symbiotic growth, aerobic growth on agar, acid production from glycerol, xylitol, (+)-L-arabinose, (-)-D-mannitol, (-)-D-sorbitol, (-)-L-fucose, (+)-D-galactose, maltose, trehalose, raffinose and dextrin in addition to reactions with ONPG (beta-galactosidase) and PNPG (alpha-glucosidase). The closest relationship was observed with Avibacterium gallinarum which, however, can be separated from Avibacterium endocarditidis in acid production from (-)-D-mannitol, (-)-D-sorbitol and (-)-L-fucose. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98.4 %) was found to strain Modesto, belonging to serogroup C of Avibacterium paragallinarum. recN gene DNA sequence similarities corrected by the formula of Zeigler (2003) (Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53, 1893-1900) documented 85 % or less DNA sequence similarity between the type strain of Avibacterium endocarditidis and species of Avibacterium, confirming the separate species status of this taxon according to the multilocus sequence analysis method of Kuhnert & Korczak (2006) (Microbiology 152, 2537-2548). The type strain of Avibacterium endocarditidis sp. nov., strain 20186H4H1(T) (=CCUG 52860(T) =DSM 18224(T)), was isolated from valvular endocarditis of a chicken in Denmark in 2004.
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PMID:Avibacterium endocarditidis sp. nov., isolated from valvular endocarditis in chickens. 1768 46

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), a hereditary disorder that involves the progressive thinning of hair in a defined pattern, is driven by androgens. The hair follicle dermal papilla (DP) expresses androgen receptors (AR) and plays an important role in the control of normal hair growth. In AGA, it has been proposed that the inhibitory actions of androgens are mediated via the DP although the molecular nature of these interactions is poorly understood. To investigate mechanisms of AGA, we cultured DP cells (DPC) from balding and non-balding scalp and confirmed previous reports that balding DPC grow slower in vitro than non-balding DPC. Loss of proliferative capacity of balding DPC was associated with changes in cell morphology, expression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, as well as decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Bmi-1; upregulation of p16(INK4a)/pRb and nuclear expression of markers of oxidative stress and DNA damage including heat shock protein-27, super oxide dismutase catalase, ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase (ATM), and ATM- and Rad3-related protein. Premature senescence of balding DPC in vitro in association with expression of p16(INK4a)/pRB suggests that balding DPC are sensitive to environmental stress and identifies alternative pathways that could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of AGA.
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PMID:Premature senescence of balding dermal papilla cells in vitro is associated with p16(INK4a) expression. 1798 30

Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMCs). ROS have been implicated in the development of both acute stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) and chronic replicative senescence. Global oxidative DNA damage triggers SIPS and telomere DNA damage accelerates replicative senescence, both mediated via p53. This study tests the hypothesis that DNA is an important target for Ang II-induced ROS leading to senescence via telomere-dependent and independent pathways. DNA damage was quantified using the Comet assay, telomere DNA length by Southern blotting and hVSMC senescence by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining. Exposure to Ang II increased DNA damage in hVSMCs within 4 hours. Inhibition by an AT1 receptor antagonist (losartan metabolite: E3174) or catalase, confirmed that Ang II-induced DNA damage was AT1 receptor-mediated, via the induction of ROS. Acute exposure to Ang II resulted in SIPS within 24 hours that was prevented by coincubation with E3174 or catalase. SIPS was associated with increased p53 expression but was not dependent on telomere attrition because overexpression of human telomerase did not prevent Ang II-induced SIPS. Exposure to Ang II over several population doublings accelerated the rate of telomere attrition (by >2-fold) and induced premature replicative senescence of hVSMCs--an effect that was also attenuated by E3174 or catalase. These data demonstrate that Ang II-induced ROS-mediated DNA damage results in accelerated biological aging of hVSMCs via 2 mechanisms: (1) Acute SIPS, which is telomere independent, and (2) accelerated replicative senescence which is associated with accelerated telomere attrition.
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PMID:Angiotensin II-mediated oxidative DNA damage accelerates cellular senescence in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells via telomere-dependent and independent pathways. 1799 83

A Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated as Ko03(T), was isolated from microbial granules, and was characterized, using a polyphasic approach, in order to determine its taxonomic position. The isolate was positive for catalase and oxidase, but negative for gelatinase and beta-galactosidase. Phylogenetic analyses using the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain formed a monophyletic branch towards the periphery of the evolutionary radiation occupied by the genus Comamonas, its closest neighbors being Comamonas koreensis KCTC 12005(T) (95.9% sequence similarity), Comamonas nitrativorans DSM 13191(T) (95.7%), and Comamonas odontotermitis LMG 23579(T) (95.7%). Strain Ko03(T) had a genomic DNA G+C content of 68.4 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was Q-8. The major fatty acids were C(16:1) omega7c (44.7%), C(16:0) (28.1%), C(18:1) (16.1%), and C(10:0) 3-OH (3.5%). These chemo-taxonomic results supported the affiliation of strain Ko03(T) to the genus Comamonas. However, low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values and distinguishing phenotypic characteristics allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain Ko03(T) from recognized Comamonas species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Ko03(T) represents a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas granuli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Ko03(T) (=KCTC 12199(T)=NBRC 101663(T)).
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PMID:Comamonas granuli sp. nov., isolated from granules used in a wastewater treatment plant. 1875 28

Dicarbonyls glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO) produced during the autoxidation of reducing sugars are a source of macromolecular damage in cells. Since an accumulation of damaged macromolecules is a universal characteristic of aging, we have tested whether GO and MGO which cause oxidative damage to proteins and other macromolecules can bring about accelerated aging in normal human skin fibroblasts in vitro. A treatment of cells with 1.0 mM GO or 400 microM MGO leads to the appearance of senescent phenotype within 3 days, as judged by the following criteria: morphological phenotype, irreversible growth arrest and G2 arrest, increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SABG) activity, increased H2O2 level, increased Nxi-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML) protein level, and altered activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant enzymes. This experimental model of accelerated cellular aging in vitro can be useful for studies on testing the effects of various physical, chemical and biological conditions, including natural and synthetic molecules, for the modulation of aging.
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PMID:Dicarbonyl-induced accelerated aging in vitro in human skin fibroblasts. 1875 88

Exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene in the human population may pose a health risk. We tested a working hypothesis that these test chemicals cause cellular toxicity to a non-target organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Third instar larvae of D. melanogaster transgenic for hsp70, hsp83 and hsp26 and Oregon R(+) strain were exposed to 1.0-100.0 mM benzene, toluene and xylene for 2-48 h to examine the heat shock proteins (hsps), ROS generation, anti-oxidant stress markers and developmental end points. The test chemicals elicited a concentration- and time-dependent significant (p<0.01) induction of the hsps in the exposed organism in the order of hsp70>hsp83>or=hsp26 as evident by beta-galactosidase activity after 24 h. RT-PCR amplification studies in Oregon R(+) larvae revealed a similar induction pattern of these genes along with hsp60 in the order of hsp70>hsp60>hsp26>or=hsp83. Under similar experimental conditions, a significant induction of ROS generation and oxidative stress markers viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, thioredoxin reductase, glutathione, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content was observed. Sub-organismal response was propagated towards organismal response i.e., a delay in the emergence of flies and their reproductive performance. While hsp70 was predominantly induced in the organism till 24 h of treatment with the test chemicals, a significant or insignificant regression of Hsp70 after 48 h was concurrent with a significant induction (p<0.01) of hsp60>hsp83>or=hsp26 in comparison to the former. A significant positive correlation was observed between ROS generation and these hsps in the exposed organism till 24 h and a negative correlation between ROS generation and hsp70 in them after 48 h indicating a modulatory role of ROS in the induction of hsps. The study suggests that among the tested hsps, hsp70 may be used as an early bioindicator of cellular toxicity against benzene, toluene and xylene and D. melanogaster as an alternative animal model for screening the risk posed by environmental chemicals.
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PMID:Induction of hsp70, hsp60, hsp83 and hsp26 and oxidative stress markers in benzene, toluene and xylene exposed Drosophila melanogaster: role of ROS generation. 1911 69


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