Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.23 (beta-galactosidase)
 14,648 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Spleen cells from mice immunized with E. coli beta-galactosidase were incubated with the enzyme and with 5-bromo-4-chloroindolyl-beta-galactosidase as a histochemical substrate. Some cells are stainable in this reaction, however, not all of them carry specific receptors for beta-galactosidases. Some spleen cells can take up dye and thereby become unspecifically stained. This system is therefore not suitable for the detection of antigen binding to cells.
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PMID:Histochemical staining in lymphocyte suspensions complexed with beta-galactosidase as an antigen. Unspecific staining of spleen cells by indigo. 5 38

A recombinant strain of Listeria monocytogenes that stably and constitutively expresses Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase was used as a live vaccine vector. BALB/c mice were immunized orally or parenterally with the recombinant L. monocytogenes, and their cellular and humoral immune responses to beta-galactosidase were measured. Spleen cells taken 1 week after oral inoculation or 5 weeks after oral or parenteral inoculation (with a boost at 4 weeks) showed beta-galactosidase-specific CTL responses. The CTL line derived from mice immunized i.p. was also shown to be class I restricted and Thy-1.2+, CD8+, and TCR alpha beta+. All mice immunized with the recombinant L. monocytogenes had positive delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to heat-killed L. monocytogenes, but only 15% had a positive delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to beta-galactosidase. Individual serum samples from mice immunized i.p. or i.v. were tested for antibody to beta-galactosidase. Approximately 11% had low positive titers for beta-galactosidase antibodies. These results demonstrate that both oral and parenteral immunization with recombinant L. monocytogenes results in a cellular immune response to the foreign protein, which is primarily a specific CD8+ CTL response.
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PMID:Induction of a cellular immune response to a foreign antigen by a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine. 160 62

Spleen cells from Balb C mice immunized with purified Yu human myeloma IgE were fused with NS-1 mouse myeloma cells. After initial EIA screening for antibody-secreting cells, 20 hybrids were further characterized for cell growth, ascites production, antibody titer, specificity and affinity. Immunoglobulins purified from ascites fluid obtained from selected clones were labelled with beta-galactosidase. Combinations were made using either antibodies as capture and as conjugate against calibrated human IgE plasma samples. The combination of monoclonal anti IgE X b 10-22 as a capture antibody and X b 6-16 as a conjugate gave the best sensitivity and slope in EIA. It was successfully used in a sensitive two-step-enzyme-immunoassay for total IgE. The X b 6-16 conjugate was also assayed for the detection of allergen specific IgE antibodies. The results presented and discussed indicate that monoclonal antibodies could favourably substitute for polyclonal anti IgE antibodies in such assays.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibodies to human IgE: utilization for total IgE quantification and estimation of allergen specific IgE antibodies. 639 32

The HOX11 homeobox gene was identified via the translocation t(10;14) in T cell leukaemia. To determine the function of this gene in mice, null mutations were made using homologous recombination in ES cells to incorporate lacZ into the hox11 transcription unit. Production of beta-galactosidase from the recombinant hox11 allele in +/- mutants allowed identification of sites of hox11 expression which included the developing spleen. Newborn hox11 -/- mice exhibit asplenia. Spleen formation commences normally at E11.5 in hox11 -/- mutant embryos but the spleen anlage undergoes rapid and complete resorption between E12.5 and E13.5. Dying spleen cells exhibit molecular features of apoptosis, suggesting that programmed cell death is initiated at this stage of organ development in the absence of hox11 protein. Thus hox11 is not required to initiate spleen development but is essential for the survival of splenic precursors during organogenesis. This function for hox11 suggests that enhanced cell survival may result from the t(10;14) which activates HOX11 in T cell leukaemias, further strengthening the association between oncogene-induced cell survival and tumorigenesis.
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PMID:The Hox11 gene is essential for cell survival during spleen development. 755 17

Bcl-2 is an oncogene associated with prevention of apoptosis in a variety of cell types. Bcl-2 expression in B lymphoid cells prolongs antibody production, in vitro and in vivo. A line of transgenic mice (B6) has been developed that expresses human Bcl-2 in the B cells of SWR/SJL mice. B6 transgenic, nontransgenic littermates, and BALB/c mice were immunized with beta-galactosidase (B-gal) or sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The number of spleen cells recovered from immunized B6 mice was 3-4 times greater than syngeneic, nontransgenic littermates or BALB/c mice. Spleen cells from B-gal or SRBC immune B6, SWR/SJL, and BALB/c mice were fused with P3 myeloma cells to produce hybridomas. Forty-eight percent of the wells plated with fused B6 spleen cells produced B-gal-specific antibodies compared to 14% from BALB/c and 12% from SWR/SJL. Antibody-specific wells were subcloned, resulting in enhanced recovery of antigen-specific subclones with B6-derived fusions compared to controls. In the SRBC fusions, 17% of the wells plated with fused B6 spleen cells produced SRBC-specific antibodies compared to 6% for BALB/c and SWR/SJL spleens. After subcloning, B6-derived clones produced 8% positive subclones compared to 9.5% from SWR/SJL and 3.5% from BALB/c. Comparison of the isotype distribution of subclones showed a higher ratio of IgG antibodies compared to IgM from B6 mice in the B-gal fusions. IgA antibodies were recovered only from B6 mice. These data indicate that B6 transgenic mice that overexpress Bcl-2 in their B cells may be superior to other mouse strains for production of antigen-specific hybridomas.
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PMID:Evaluation of Bcl-2/B cell transgenic mice (B6) for hybridoma production. 891 86

To develop the immunochemical methods for determining 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] in clinical samples, a variety of monoclonal anti-1,25(OH)2D3 antibodies have been generated. Two kinds of hapten-carrier conjugates, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-hemisuccinate (hapten 3-HS) and 1 alpha-hydroxy-25,26,27-trinorvitamin D3 24-oic acid (hapten 24-OA) conjugated with bovine serum albumin, were used for immunization. Spleen cells from SD rats or BALB/c mice, each immunized with the conjugate of hapten 3-HS or 24-OA, were fused with P3/NS1/1-Ag4-1 myeloma cells. After screening by ELISA employing beta-galactosidase-labeled haptens, seven kinds of hybridomas secreting anti-1,25(OH)2D3 antibodies were established. Binding characteristics of these antibodies (Ka 0.73-20 x 10(9) M-1) were investigated by an RIA using tritium-labeled 1,25(OH)2D3. The data suggested that the rat monoclonal antibody 3R-1 derived from the hapten 3-HS and the mouse monoclonal antibody 24M-3 from the hapten 24-OA would be available for developing practical analytical systems.
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PMID:Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against two haptenic derivatives of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 conjugated with bovine serum albumin through the C-3 or C-24 position. 933 74

Ursodeoxycholic acid 7-N-acetylglucosaminides (UDCA 7-NAGs) are novel conjugated metabolites whose urine levels are expected to be a specific diagnostic index for primary biliary cirrhosis. To obtain a specific antibody which is useful for developing immunochemical analytical methods of UDCA 7-NAGs, a variety of monoclonal antibodies have been generated. Spleen cells from an A/J mouse, which had been immunized with a conjugate of nonamidated UDCA 7-NAG and bovine serum albumin, were fused with P3/NS1/1-Ag4-1 myeloma cells. After screening by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a beta-galactosidase-labeled antigen, thirteen kinds of antibody-secreting hybridoma clones were established. Binding properties of these monoclonal antibodies were investigated in detail by ELISA. One of these antibodies, Ab-#8 (gamma1, kappa) had the most favorable characteristics for clinical application, which was group-specific to the 7-NAG conjugates of nonamidated, glycine- and taurine-amidated UDCAs providing a highly sensitive dose-response curve for each conjugate (midpoint 17 pg per assay for nonamidated UDCA 7-NAG). Cross-reactivities with eleven kinds of bile acids, including some potential interfering metabolites as UDCA 3-sulfate, were negligibly low. By using direct ELISA based on Ab-#8, daily urinary excretion rates of UDCA 7-NAGs of two healthy subjects were determined to be 1030 and 469 microg as GUDCA 7-NAG equivalent.
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PMID:Production and characterization of group-specific monoclonal antibodies recognizing nonamidated, glycine- and taurine-amidated ursodeoxycholic acid 7-N-acetylglucosaminides. 960 11

We have previously demonstrated high levels of GM1-ganglioside beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) in the salivary glands of Swiss-Webster mice (Nowroozi et al., J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 18:51, 1998), and suggested that this activity reflects an important role for the lysosome in catabolism of salivary glycoconjugates. Here, we characterized and compared activities of lysosomal glycosidases among the salivary glands, spleen, and muscle of C57BL/6 mice, beta-gal hexosaminidase, and beta-glucuronidase activities are high in all three glands relative to muscle. Enzyme activities in the sublingual gland were substantially higher than in the submandibular and parotid glands. Spleen displays levels of activity that are comparable or higher (for beta-glucuronidase) than those in the salivary glands, whereas muscle displays substantially lower levels of these lysosomal glycosidases. In order to investigate the role of beta-gal in the salivary glands, we further characterized the salivary phenotype of knock-out mice deficient in this enzyme, mimicking human GM1-gangliosidosis. In contrast with the relative levels of beta-gal specific-activity among the salivary glands, only the parotid developed severe, generalized, degenerative histopathological changes in beta-gal-deficient knock-out mice. GM1-like-ganglioside, typically found at high levels only in the nerve tissue, where its exact function is still not clear, was demonstrated in storage vacuoles of the parotid glands of the deficient mice by binding of cholera toxin subunit B. Thus, beta-gal activity observed in the parotid gland most likely reflects its role in GM1-ganglioside catabolism, and this ganglioside, never previously reported in the salivary glands, may have a role in parotid exocrine secretory functions. beta-gal may also serve in secretory glycoprotein catabolism in other salivary glands, but this function may be non-essential for these glands.
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PMID:High levels of GM1-ganglioside beta-galactosidase in the salivary glands and GM1-like-ganglioside storage in parotids of deficient mice. 1037 47

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for the measurement of the cell kinetics of spleen lymphocytes using the ROSA 26 transgenic mouse ubiquitously expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). Spleen lymphocytes were isolated from ROSA 26 mice and intravenously inoculated into C57BL/6 mice under normal conditions and inflammatory conditions following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Spleen lymphocyte accumulation in tissues was determined as a measurement of beta-gal activity. Spleen lymphocytes isolated from ROSA 26 mice have beta-gal activities of 1.45 x 10(-4) pg per cell. A good correlation between beta-gal activities and cell numbers was obtained (r2 = 0.999) over the range 1 x 10(3) to 1 x 10(7) cells, corresponding to 70 fg to 350 pg beta-gal activity. Spleen lymphocytes (4 x 10(7) cells) were intravenously inoculated into normal mice and subsequently each tissue was isolated and the corresponding beta-gal activity measured. Spleen lymphocyte accumulation was relatively high .in the spleen and lymph nodes. The accumulated spleen lymphocyte cell number was 1.39 x 10(7) cells/g spleen and 5.45 x 10(7) cells/g lymph node 1 h and 6h after inoculation, respectively, and this remained constant up to 24h. In the lung, lymphocyte accumulation was 3.98 x 10(7) cells/g tissue 10 min after inoculation then gradually fell to 7.09 x 10(5) cells/g tissue after 24h. In addition, the femoral muscle following intramuscular injection of LPS showed a high accumulation of spleen lymphocytes, whereas the untreated and contralateral femoral muscle had the same level as the background. In conclusion, spleen lymphocytes isolated from ROSA 26 mice can be used to measure beta-gal activity and the sensitivity is relatively high over the 70 fg to 350 pg range. This suggests that cells isolated from the ROSA 26 mouse can be applied to the study of cell kinetics.
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PMID:Spleen lymphocyte kinetics in mice under normal and inflammatory conditions: an application of the transgenic mouse expressing beta-galactosidase (ROSA 26). 1239