Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.21 (beta-glucosidase)
 3,280 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human gallbladder epithelium was homogenized with a view to maintaining the integrity of subcellular components. In such homogenates, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-fucosidase, beta-xylosidase, and acid phosphatase were demonstrated together with phospholipase activity. All the enzymes exhibited structure-linked latency. After discarding cellular debris from the homogenate, remaining subcellular organelles were analytically separated by density gradient centrifugation. After 100,000 g for 1 hour, particles containing acid glycosidases were recovered at a sucrose density of 1.18-1.19, whereas the mitochondrial marker enzyme succinate-reductase accumulated at a density of 1.16. The bulk of sedimentable phospholipase activity was recovered with particles sedimenting at 1.18-1.19. The results are interpreted as indicating that phosphalipase is present in lysosomes of the human gallbladder epithelium. Release of acid hydrolases, in lysosomes of the human gallbladder epithelium. Release of acid hydrolases, in lysosomes of the human gallbladder epithelium. Release of acid hydrolases, particularly phospholipase A, from the gallbladder epithelium is discussed as mediation of an inflammatory reaction in the gallbladder, i.e. cholecystitis.
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PMID:On the mediation inflammatory reaction in the human gallbladder epithelium. 127 7

Gastric mucosal PG E2 receptors are the common antisecretory working point of all prostanoid types and may also be involved in "protective" effects. We investigated the subcellular localization of these receptors, as measured by displaceable 3H-PG E2 binding, and identified different organelles by monitoring the activities of specific marker enzymes. Porcine mucosal homogenates were subdivided by differential centrifugation into fractions P1 (1000 x g), P2 (20,000 x g), P3 (300,000 x g) and the supernatant S1. P3 was further fractionated over a series of sucrose step gradients. Mitochondria and lysosomes were enriched in P2 (maximum specific activities of cytochrome-c-oxidase of beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, respectively). Plasma membranes (alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, 5-nucleotidase), tubulovesicles (H+/K(+)-ATPase) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (NADPH-cytochrome-c-reductase) were mainly found in P3, which also contained the majority of 3H-PG E2 binding sites. In contrast, prostanoid binding was barely detectable in S1. Density fractionation of P3 revealed that 3H-PG E2 binding sites shared a similar sedimentation profile with plasma membranes and tubulovesicular markers. No or negative correlation was found with lysosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. We conclude that mucosal PG E2 receptors are predominantly located at the cell surface. This supports the view that prostanoids inhibit gastric secretion through membrane receptors, but gives no clue for intracellular "protective" working points.
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PMID:Subcellular localization of prostaglandin E2 receptors in the gastric mucosa. 134 83

The sulfuric acid hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood chips, from the forest industry is an important material for fuel bioethanol production. In this study, we constructed a recombinant yeast strain that can ferment xylose and cellooligosaccharides by integrating genes for the intercellular expressions of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase from Pichia stipitis, and xylulokinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a gene for displaying beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus acleatus on the cell surface. In the fermentation of the sulfuric acid hydrolysate of wood chips, xylose and cellooligosaccharides were completely fermented after 36 h by the recombinant strain, and then about 30 g/l ethanol was produced from 73 g/l total sugar added at the beginning. In this case, the ethanol yield of this recombinant yeast was much higher than that of the control yeast. These results demonstrate that the fermentation of the lignocellulose hydrolysate is performed efficiently by the recombinant Saccharomyces strain with abilities for xylose assimilation and cellooligosaccharide degradation.
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PMID:Ethanol fermentation from lignocellulosic hydrolysate by a recombinant xylose- and cellooligosaccharide-assimilating yeast strain. 1657 64

Xyr1 (xylanase regulator 1) of the ascomycete Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei) was recently demonstrated to play an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of the xyn1 (xylanase 1-encoding) gene expression. Consequently, this study reports on the deletion of the xyr1 gene from the H. jecorina genome. Comparative studies of the growth behavior of the different mutant strains (deleted and retransformed xyr1) grown on various carbon sources pointed to the strongly reduced ability of the xyr1 deletion strain to utilize D-xylose and xylan. Transcriptional analysis of the xyl1 (D-xylose reductase 1-encoding) gene as well as measurements of corresponding enzymatic activities gave evidence that Xyr1 takes part in the control of the fungal D-xylose pathway, in particular in the regulation of D-xylose reductase. It could be demonstrated that the uptake of D-xylose into the fungal cell is uninfluenced in the Deltaxyr1 strain. Furthermore, transcriptional regulation of the major hydrolytic enzyme-encoding genes xyn1 and xyn2 (xylanases 1 and 2), cbh1 and cbh2 (cellobiohydrolases 1 and 2), and egl1 (endoglucanase 1) is strictly dependent on Xyr1. Regulation of the respective genes via Xyr1 is not affected by the substances mediating induction (xylose, xylobiose, and sophorose) and is indispensable for all modes of gene expression (basal, derepressed, and induced). Moreover, Xyr1, it was revealed, activated transcriptional regulation of inducer-providing enzymes such as beta-xylosidase BXLI and beta-glucosidase BGLI but was not shown to be involved in the regulation of BGLII.
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PMID:Xyr1 (xylanase regulator 1) regulates both the hydrolytic enzyme system and D-xylose metabolism in Hypocrea jecorina. 1705 41

The domination of microorganisms characterized by excessive activity of the so-called fecal enzymes may be one of the reasons of the large intestine cancers. These enzymes are mainly those that belong to the hydrolase and reductase classes and their excessive activity may lead to disorders in the functioning of the digestive tract. The aim of tise research was to determine the activity of beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus strains isolated from the feces of healthy children, aged 1 and 8, and adults, aged 30 and 80. The analysis included 10 strains isolated from the feces of individuals in each of the age groups. beta-glucuronidase activity in the case of the isolates from children, depending on the strain, equaled from about 0.15 mM/h/mg of protein to 0.26 mM/h/mg of protein and was lower, respectively, by 52.35% and 57.81%, than the beta-glucosidase activity. Simultaneously, the activity of the Lactobacillus enzymes from children was 2.4 times higher, and in case of the isolates obtained from adults they were 4.6 and 2.7 times higher than the activity of the Entercoccus enzymes. The highest beta-glucuronidase activity was observed in Lactobacillus isolates coming from an 80-year-old subject. The differences between the activity of Enterococcus beta-glucuronidase isolated from the feces of 1 and 8 year old children were statistically insignificant. On the other hand, in the case of the subjects aged 30 and 8 the isolates were characterized by activity lower by, respectively. 48% and 37% than the isolates coming from children. The highest beta-glucosidase activity was discovered in the case of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus coming from children, which was higher by 32% than the activity of the isolates from adult persons. Therefore, it was determined that the activity of beta-glucuronidase of Lactobacillus strains isolated from feces from people aged 80 was the highest, and the isolates of the examined microorganisms coming from children were characterized by the highest beta-glucosidase activity.
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PMID:Beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase activity of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus isolated from human feces. 2146 44

Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato is a serious pathogen causing root and stem rot to conifers in the northern hemisphere and rendering the timber defective for sawing and pulping. In this study we applied next-generation sequencing to i) identify transcriptional responses unique to Heterobasidion-inoculated Norway spruce and ii) investigate the H. annosum transcripts to identify putative virulence factors. To address these objectives we wounded or inoculated 30-year-old Norway spruce clones with H. annosum and 454-sequenced the transcriptome of the interaction at 0, 5 and 15 days post inoculation. The 491,860 high-quality reads were de novo assembled and the relative expression was analysed. Overall, very few H. annosum transcripts were represented in our dataset. Three delta-12 fatty acid desaturase transcripts and one Clavaminate synthase-like transcript, both associated with virulence in other pathosystems, were found among the significantly induced transcripts. The analysis of the Norway spruce transcriptional responses produced a handful of differentially expressed transcripts. Most of these transcripts originated from genes known to respond to H. annosum. However, three genes that had not previously been reported to respond to H. annosum showed specific induction to inoculation: an oxophytodienoic acid-reductase (OPR), a beta-glucosidase and a germin-like protein (GLP2) gene. Even in a small data set like ours, five novel highly expressed Norway spruce transcripts without significant alignment to any previously annotated protein in Genbank but present in the P. abies (v1.0) gene catalogue were identified. Their expression pattern suggests a role in defence. Therefore a more complete survey of the transcriptional responses in the interactions between Norway spruce and its major pathogen H. annosum would probably provide a better understanding of gymnosperm defence than accumulated until now.
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PMID:Transcriptional Responses Associated with Virulence and Defence in the Interaction between Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and Norway Spruce. 2615 63

Crop productivity and yield are adversely affected by abiotic and biotic stresses. Therefore, finding out the genes responsible for stress tolerance is a significant stride towards crop improvement. A gene co-expression network is a powerful tool to detect the most connected genes during heavy metal (HM) stress in plants. The most connected genes may be responsible for HM tolerance by altering the different metabolic pathways during the biotic and abiotic stress. In the same line we have performed the GSE86807 microarray analysis of chickpea during exposure to chromium, cadmium and arsenic and analyzed the data. Common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during exposure to chromium, cadmium and arsenic were identified and a co-expression network study was carried out. Hub and bottleneck genes were explored on the basis of degree and betweenness centrality, respectively. A gene set enrichment analysis study revealed that genes like haloacid dehydrogenase, cinnamoyl CoA reductase, F-box protein, GDSL esterase lipase, cellulose synthase, beta-glucosidase 13 and isoflavone hydroxylase are significantly enriched and regulate the different pathways like riboflavin metabolism, phenyl propanoid biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, isoflavonoid biosynthesis and indole alkaloid biosynthesis.
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PMID:Analysis of chickpea gene co-expression networks and pathways during heavy metal stress. 3150 77