Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.21 (beta-glucosidase)
 3,280 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An aquatic weed biomass, Eicchornia crassipes, present in abundance and leading to a threatening level of water pollution was used as substrate for cellulase and beta-glucosidase production using wild-type strain Aspergillus niger RK3 that was isolated from decomposing substrate. Alkali treatment of the biomass (10%) resulted in a 60-66% increase in endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and beta-glucosidase production by the A. niger RK3 strain in semi-solid-state fermentation. Similarly, the alkali-treated biomass led to a 45-54% increase in endo- and exoglucanase and a higher (98%) increase in beta-glucosidase production by Trichoderma reesei MTCC164 under similar conditions. However, the cocultivation of A. niger RK3 and T. reesei MTCC164 at a ratio of 3:1 showed a 20-24% increase in endo- and exoglucanase activities and about a 13% increase in the beta-glucosidase activity over the maximum enzymatic activities observed under single culture conditions. Multistep physical (ultraviolet) and chemical (N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine, sodium azide, colchicine) mutagenesis of the A. niger RK3 strain resulted in a highly cellulolytic mutant, UNSC-442, having an increase of 136, 138, and 96% in endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and beta-glucosidase, activity, respectively. The cocultivation of mutant UNSC-442 along with T. reesei MTCC164 (at a ratio of 3:1) showed a further 10-11% increase in endo- and exoglucanase activities and a 29% increase in beta-glucosidase activity in semi-solid-state fermentation.
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PMID:Semi-solid-state fermentation of Eicchornia crassipes biomass as lignocellulosic biopolymer for cellulase and 3-glucosidase production by cocultivation of Aspergillus niger RK3 and Trichoderma reesei MTCC164. 1178 2

The effects of high and fluctuating pressure up to 220 bar on microbial growth and activity were determined in a pilot-scale water hydraulic system. An increase in the pipeline pressure from 70 to 220 bar decreased the total and the viable cell number in the pressure medium from 2.2(+/-0.5)x10(5) to 4.9(+/-1.5)x10(4) cells/ml and from 5.7(+/-2.8)x10(4) to 1.3(+/-0.7)x10(4) cfu/ml, respectively. Microbial attachment in the non-pressurised tank of the hydraulic system increased with increasing pipeline pressure [from 1.0(+/-0.3) to 3.8(+/-2.7)x10(5) cells/cm(2) on stainless steel]. The phosphatase, aminopeptidase and beta-glucosidase activities in the pressurised medium were between 0.02 and 1.4 micromol/lh ( V(max)) and decreased in response to increasing pipeline pressure. The alpha-glucosidase activity was detected only at 70 bar and the glucuronidase activity only occasionally. Based on principal component and cluster analyses, both the pressure applied and the original filling water quality affected substrate utilisation patterns. This study demonstrated the capability of freshwater bacteria to tolerate high and fluctuating pressure in a technical water system. Microbial survival was due to attachment and growth on the surfaces of the non-pressurised components and the nutrient flux released by cell lysis in the pressurised components. In summary, high pressures in water hydraulic systems do not prevent potential microbiologically related operational problems.
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PMID:Effects of high and fluctuating pressure on microbial abundance and activity in a water hydraulic system. 1195 52

Inadequate dissipation of heat generated by biologic activities has prevented the use of solid-phase fermentation in large-scale applications. This study deals with the cooling effects of pressure pulsation on solid, porous beds. Pressure pulsation also enhances evaporation of medium moisture, which is also described. Computer software has been developed for on-line control of heat accumulation and moisture loss involving automatic variation in pressure pulsation frequency and airflow direction as well as replenishment of water. Aspergillus niger NRRL3 was cultivated on a moist, solid medium made of wheat bran and ground corncobs to produce cellobiase. During 100 h of fermentation, the maximum temperature inside the solid bed was kept under 40 degrees C, and the medium water content was successfully maintained between 61 and 65%, which was optimal for cell growth. Cells grew heavily on the solid-phase substrate and distributed uniformly. With good on-line control of temperature and moisture, the 12-L fermentor provided a better environment for enzyme production than 250 mL flasks did.
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PMID:Pressure pulsation in solid-phase fermentation. 1201 86

We examined the role of gibberellins (GAs) in germination of Arabidopsis seeds by a proteomic approach. For that purpose, we used two systems. The first system consisted of seeds of the GA-deficient ga1 mutant, and the second corresponded to wild-type seeds incubated in paclobutrazol, a specific GA biosynthesis inhibitor. With both systems, radicle protrusion was strictly dependent on exogenous GAs. The proteomic analysis indicated that GAs do not participate in many processes involved in germination sensu stricto (prior to radicle protrusion), as, for example, the initial mobilization of seed protein and lipid reserves. Out of 46 protein changes detected during germination sensu stricto (1 d of incubation on water), only one, corresponding to the cytoskeleton component alpha-2,4 tubulin, appeared to depend on the action of GAs. An increase in this protein spot was noted for the wild-type seeds but not for the ga1 seeds incubated for 1 d on water. In contrast, GAs appeared to be involved, directly or indirectly, in controlling the abundance of several proteins associated with radicle protrusion. This is the case for two isoforms of S-adenosyl-methionine (Ado-Met) synthetase, which catalyzes the formation of Ado-Met from Met and ATP. Owing to the housekeeping functions of Ado-Met, this event is presumably required for germination and seedling establishment, and might represent a major metabolic control of seedling establishment. GAs can also play a role in controlling the abundance of a beta-glucosidase, which might be involved in the embryo cell wall loosening needed for cell elongation and radicle extension.
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PMID:Proteomics of Arabidopsis seed germination. A comparative study of wild-type and gibberellin-deficient seeds. 1206 22

In epidemiologic studies on human colorectal tumors, results on the relative protective effect of soluble and insoluble fibers are not consistent. We studied in this work the effect in rats of feeding guar gum or guar gum together with cellulose on the incidence of colorectal tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The results were as follows: (i) The enhancement of tumor formation by feeding solely guar gum (guar gum group) was suppressed completely when two-thirds of the guar gum was replaced with cellulose (cellulose-guar gum group). The odds ratio for tumor formation was 0.075 (95% CI 0.006-0.936, p = 0.044) for guar gum group vs. no fiber control and 0.833 (0.134-5.167, p = 0.83) for cellulose-guar gum group vs. the control. (ii) In both groups, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased significantly compared to the no fiber control group, and fecal excretion of total bile acids almost doubled. (iii) In guar gum group rats, the deconjugation activity (beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase) was higher than the control or cellulose-guar gum group rats. (iv) The amount of cecal short-chain fatty acids was almost double in guar gum group rats compared to the cellulose-guar gum group or the control rats, and pH of the cecal content of the guar gum group rats had a tendency to be lower. (v) The concentration of fecal secondary bile acids was extremely low in the younger rats of the guar gum group. From these results, it seemed significant to study the cancer preventive effect of the mixed feeding to experimental animals of water-soluble and insoluble fibers instead of the singular feeding.
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PMID:Increased incidence rate of colorectal tumors due to the intake of a soluble dietary fiber in rat chemical carcinogenesis can be suppressed by substituting partially an insoluble dietary fiber for the soluble one. 1211 18

The aim of this experiment was the assessment of the influence of various concentrations of H2SeO3 (0.05, 0.5 and 5 mM) on the activity of soil enzymes over 112 days. The lab experiment was performed using soil samples (dust-silt black soil of 1.92% organic C content, pH 7.7), 60% maximal water capacity. The soil samples were treated with a selenic acid water solution at the concentrations mentioned above. As a reference, natural soil was used (without the selenic acid). The activity of the following enzymes was tested: beta-glucosidase, nitrate reductase, urease, dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases. The soil was sampled at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112. The results of the study have shown that the selenic acid had no effect on the activity of the beta-glucosidase in soil. In the course of the whole experiment, the applied selenic acid inhibited activity of the nitrate reductase up to 70% at 5 mM, and the activity of dehydrogenase was also decreased--by up to 85% at 5 mM, similarly to urease (with the exception of days 14 and 28), and acid phosphatase (until day 56). The activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased by the lowest concentration of selenic acid and decreased by the highest, which was found in the course of the whole experiment. The 5-mM concentration of selenic acid inhibited the activity of all the enzymes tested in this experiment.
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PMID:Influence of various concentrations of selenic acid (IV) on the activity of soil enzymes. 1215 Apr 30

Tonin(Persicae Semen) is the herb medicine that contains amygdalin as a major ingredient. Amygdalin in water is decomposed into benzaldehyde, HCN, and glucose by emulsin, a hydrolysis enzyme in tonin. A useful and practical method for the optimum extraction condition of amygdalin without enzymatic hydrolysis is required. The extraction yield of amygdalin of natural formula tonin was 0.1% from crude powders, 1.4% from small pieces, 3.5% from half pieces and 2.4% from whole pieces. The extraction yield of amygdalin of outer shell-eliminated tonin was 0.3% from crude powders, 1.4% from small pieces, and 3.5% from half pieces and whole pieces respectively. The extraction yield of amygdalin was most high when using the size larger than half.
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PMID:Development of quantitative extraction method of amygdalin without enzymatic hydrolysis from tonin(Persicae Semen) by high performance liquid chromatography. 1221 55

Twenty stations were established in the near-shore regions of South Fujian Shoal (116 degrees 10'-119 degrees 00' E, 21 degrees 20'-24 degrees 10' N) on summer and winter cruises during the period from August 1997 and February to March 1998. The distribution pattern of marine bacterial beta-glucosidase activity (beta-GlcA) has been investigated by using fluorogenic model substrate (FMS) technique in order to have better understanding of the beta-GlcA, as well as its relation to marine bacterial biomass, productivity and environmental factors in Taiwan strait. The results showed that: (1) In summer, the average of beta-GlcA at the Southern stations of Taiwan strait was 1.94 nmol/l h. While in winter, the average of beta-GlcA at the Northern stations was 0.86 nmol/l h and the range of variation (0.34-1.89 nmol/l h) was much more narrow than that in summer (0.31-8.1 nmol/l h). (2) According to the carbon conversion factor, the beta-GlcA was 0.14 and 0.062 ugc/l h in summer and winter respectively. These beta-GlcA values were higher than the bacterial production of the two seasons respectively. (3) The beta-GlcA gradually rises from offshore water to near-shore water. (4) The correlation between the beta-GlcA and the bacterial secondary production was not so obvious. (5) The correlation between the section distributions, daily varying of the beta-GlcA and the bacterial production was not obvious. (6) In the surface water, the distribution character of free-state beta-GlcA from bacteria was equal to that of the total beta-GlcA in the whole sea area.
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PMID:The distribution characteristics of bacterial beta-glucosidase activity in Taiwan strait. 1239 82

The ecophysiological variabilities in the ectohydrolytic enzyme profiles of the three species of Pseudoalteromonas, P. citrea, P. issachenkonii, and P. nigrifaciens, have been investigated. Forty-one bacteria isolated from several invertebrates, macroalgae, sea grass, and the surrounding water exhibited different patterns of hydrolytic enzyme activities measured as the hydrolysis of either native biopolymers or fluorogenic substrates. The activities of the following enzymes were assayed: proteinase, tyrosinase, lipase, amylase, chitinase, agarase, fucoidan hydrolase, laminaranase, alginase, pustulanase, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, alpha- and beta-galactosidases, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucosaminidase, beta-xylosidase, and alpha-mannosidase. The occurrence and cell-specific activities of all enzymes varied over a broad range (from 0 to 44 micromol EU per hour) and depended not only on taxonomic affiliation of the strain, but also on the source/place of its isolation. This suggests 'specialization' of different species for different types of polymeric substrates as, for example, all strains of P. citrea and P. issachenkonii hydrolyzed alginate and laminaran, while strains of P. nigrifaciens were lacking the ability to hydrolyze most of the algal polysaccharides. The incidence of certain enzymes such as fucoidan hydrolases, alginate lyases, agarases, and alpha-galactosidases might be strain specific and reflect its particular ecological habitat.
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PMID:Ecophysiological variabilities in ectohydrolytic enzyme activities of some Pseudoalteromonas species, P. citrea, P. issachenkonii, and P. nigrifaciens. 1243 56

Two suggestions can be found in the literature to improve the reproducibility of the Mandels' filter paper assay: add supplemental cellobiase and increase the boiling time for color development. Here we provide data that strongly supports adding supplemental cellobiase. Adding supplemental cellobiase increased assay response by 56%. Cellulases from different sources have different cellobiase activities, which would cause significant variation in the assay response. There is no need for additional boiling time-5 minutes is sufficient. For maximum reproducibility, it is essential that the water bath vigorously boil so that temperature excursions are minimized.
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PMID:Suggested improvements to the standard filter paper assay used to measure cellulase activity. 1267 75


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