Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.21 (beta-glucosidase)
 3,280 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effects of corn fiber residue (5 g/day for 10 days) on fecal weight, moisture, pH, fecal flora, ammonia content, and on the activities of beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase were investigated in six healthy subjects. Corn fiber residue was remnant of hemicellulose extraction from corn fiber by calcium hydroxide. Fecal weight showed a tendency to increase, and fecal pH did not change during corn fiber residue supplementation. No remarkable changes in the fecal flora at the bacterial group level were observed. Fecal ammonia content and beta-glucuronidase activity per gram of wet feces decreased slightly but the daily output did not change. Fecal beta-glucosidase activities per gram of wet feces increased significantly (p less than 0.05) and the daily output also tended to increase during corn fiber residue supplementation.
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PMID:Effect of corn fiber residue supplementation on fecal properties, flora, ammonia, and bacterial enzyme activities in healthy humans. 165 31

Spores of Chaetomium cellulolyticum were treated with 200 micrograms/ml of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and seven mutants producing clear zones around their colonies on modified Vogels medium were isolated. Mutant NG7 showed altered morphological characteristics and produced more cellulases (CMCase--15 units, FPA--6.5 units, CDA--0.80 units and cellobiase--4.7 units/ml) than its parental strain (CMCase--10 units, FPA--4.5 units, CDA--0.36 units and cellobiase--2.7 units/ml). Cellulase preparation was used to saccharify rice straw, wheat straw, bagasse and sawdust, pretreated with 1% sodium hydroxide.
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PMID:Isolation of cellulolytic mutants of thermotolerant fungus Chaetomium cellulolyticum ATCC 32319. 242 41

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-D-glucitol was converted via its 1,4-dimethanesulfonate into the 1-azido-4-methanesulfonate which, after deprotection and treatment with barium hydroxide, afforded a 9:1 mixture of the corresponding 3,4- and 4,5-anhydro derivatives. Reduction of this mixture by transfer hydrogenation using ammonium formate in methanol and Pd/C as catalyst afforded 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-glucitol (4), the structure of which was proved after acetylation by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Compound 4 is a potent alpha-D-glucosidase inhibitor (Ki 7 X 10(-4)M) and a less potent beta-D-glucosidase inhibitor (Ki 1.25 X 10(-4)M), and inhibits beta-D-galactosidase non-competitively.
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PMID:Synthesis of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-glucitol, a glucosidase inhibitor. 309 67

The basis for the lethal activity of a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mutans C3603 (serotype c) was studied. Bacteriocin C3603 was found to adsorb to cells of representative strains of the seven serotypes of S. mutans. S. mutans BHT (serotype b) was used to study the adsorption and the lethal properties of bacteriocin C3603. The adsorption of bacteriocin to cells of S. mutans BHT was inhibited by treatment of cells with protease and beta-glucosidase and by such ligands as poly-L-lysine, poly-L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, glutathione, oxidized glutathione, poly-L-aspartic acid, and poly-L-glutamic acid. The adsorption to cells was also inhibited by oligosaccharides and glucosamine. Mixtures of anionic and cationic amino acids or polyamino acids did not greatly enhance or antagonize the inhibition of adsorption of bacteriocin C3603 to cells. Sodium hydroxide extracts of cell walls and cell wall-membranes contained carbohydrates and proteins; however, only proteins were found to bind to bacteriocin or to a bacteriocin affinity column. The sodium hydroxide extracts contained about 35 protein bands as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Bacteriocin C3603 was found to immediately inhibit the synthesis of proteins, DNA, and RNA of cells and to slowly release DNA from cells of S. mutans BHT.
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PMID:Mode of inhibitory action of a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mutans C3603. 671 39

Expression of the Aspergillus nigerbeta-glucosidase gene, BGL1, in Nicotiana tabacum plants (cv. Xanthi) had a profound effect on the volatile emissions of intact and crushed leaves. BGL1 was expressed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and targeted to the cytoplasm, cell wall, lytic vacuole (LV), chloroplast or endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Subcellular localization was confirmed by gold immunolabelling, followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Significant beta-glucosidase activity was observed in transgenic plants expressing BGL1 in the cell wall, LV and ER. Compared with controls, all intact transgenic leaves were found to emit increased levels of 2-ethylhexanol, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the headspace volatiles. Plants expressing BGL1 in the cell wall (Tcw) emitted more trans-caryophyllene than did non-transgenic controls, whereas plants expressing BGL1 in the ER (Ter) and LV (Tvc) emitted more cembrene than did non-transgenic controls. Volatiles released from crushed transgenic leaves and collected with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) polydimethylsiloxane fibre were distinctly enhanced. Significant increases in linalool, nerol, furanoid cis-linalool oxide, 4-methyl-1-pentanol, 6-methyl-hept-5-en-2-ol and 2-ethylhexanol were detected in transgenic plants when compared with wild-type controls. 3-Hydroxyl-beta-ionone levels were increased in crushed Tcw and Ter leaves, but were undetectable in Tvc leaves. The addition of glucoimidazole, a beta-glucosidase inhibitor, abolished the increased emission of these volatiles. These results indicate that the expression of a fungal beta-glucosidase gene in different subcellular compartments has the potential to affect the emission of plant volatiles, and thereby to modify plant-environment communication and aroma of agricultural products.
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PMID:Manipulating volatile emission in tobacco leaves by expressing Aspergillus nigerbeta-glucosidase in different subcellular compartments. 1713 95

Alkylation of 1-azafagomine at the 2-N position was achieved by reductive amination of 1-N-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-azafagomine by using aldehydes, palladium hydroxide, and hydrogen in EtOAc/water/acetic acid followed by deprotection. The 2-N-butyl, hexyl, heptyl, nonyl, decyl, and 3-phenylpropyl derivatives were made in this manner, and were tested for inhibition of alpha-glucosidase from yeast, and of beta-glucosidase from almonds. The new compounds were stronger beta-glucosidase inhibitors than 1-azafagomine, but weaker alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
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PMID:Anomer-selective glycosidase inhibition by 2-N-alkylated 1-azafagomines. 1735 29

Production of bioethanol from agricultural residues and hays (wheat, barley, and triticale straws, and barley, triticale, pearl millet, and sweet sorghum hays) through a series of chemical pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation processes was investigated in this study. Composition analysis suggested that the agricultural straws and hays studied contained approximately 28.62-38.58% glucan, 11.19-20.78% xylan, and 22.01-27.57% lignin, making them good candidates for bioethanol production. Chemical pretreatment with sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% indicated that concentration and treatment agent play a significant role during pretreatment. After 2.0% sulfuric acid pretreatment at 121 degrees C/15 psi for 60 min, 78.10-81.27% of the xylan in untreated feedstocks was solubilized, while 75.09-84.52% of the lignin was reduced after 2.0% sodium hydroxide pretreatment under similar conditions. Enzymatic hydrolysis of chemically pretreated (2.0% NaOH or H2SO4) solids with Celluclast 1.5 L-Novozym 188 (cellobiase) enzyme combination resulted in equal or higher glucan and xylan conversion than with Spezyme(R) CP- xylanase combination. The glucan and xylan conversions during hydrolysis with Celluclast 1.5 L-cellobiase at 40 FPU/g glucan were 78.09 to 100.36% and 74.03 to 84.89%, respectively. Increasing the enzyme loading from 40 to 60 FPU/g glucan did not significantly increase sugar yield. The ethanol yield after fermentation of the hydrolyzate from different feedstocks with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ranged from 0.27 to 0.34 g/g glucose or 52.00-65.82% of the theoretical maximum ethanol yield.
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PMID:Potential of agricultural residues and hay for bioethanol production. 1802 88

The pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with lime (calcium hydroxide) is evaluated. The effect of lime pretreatment on digestibility was studied through analyses using central composite design (response surface), considering pretreatment time, temperature, and lime loading as factors. The responses evaluated were the yield of glucose from pretreated bagasse after enzymatic hydrolysis. Experiments were performed using the bagasse as it comes from an alcohol/sugar factory (non-screened bagasse) and bagasse in the size range from 0.248 to 1.397 mm (screened bagasse) (12-60 mesh). It was observed that the particle size presented influence in the release of fermentable sugars after enzymatic hydrolysis using low loading of cellulase and beta-glucosidase (3.5 FPU/g dry pretreated biomass and 1.0 IU/g dry pretreated biomass, respectively).
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PMID:Lime pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production. 1905 Aug 35

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) were pretreated under ambient temperature and pressure with sulfuric acid and calcium hydroxide in separate experiments. Chemical loadings from 0 to 100g (kg DM)(-1) and durations of anaerobic storage from 0 to 180days were investigated by way of a central composite design at two moisture contents (40% or 60% w.b.). Pretreated and untreated samples were fermented to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5A in the presence of a commercially available cellulase (Celluclast 1.5L) and beta-glucosidase (Novozyme 188). Xylose levels were also measured following fermentation because xylose is not metabolized by S. cerevisiae. After sulfuric acid pretreatment and anaerobic storage, conversion of cell wall glucose to ethanol for reed canarygrass ranged from 22% to 83% whereas switchgrass conversions ranged from 16% to 46%. Pretreatment duration had a positive effect on conversion but was mitigated with increased chemical loadings. Conversions after calcium hydroxide pretreatment and anaerobic storage ranged from 21% to 55% and 18% to 54% for reed canarygrass and switchgrass, respectively. The efficacy of lime pretreatment was found to be highly dependent on moisture content. Moreover, pretreatment duration was only found to be significant for reed canarygrass. Although significant levels of acetate and lactate were observed in the biomass after storage, S. cerevisiae was not found to be inhibited at a 10% solids loading.
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PMID:Optimizing on-farm pretreatment of perennial grasses for fuel ethanol production. 2020 34

This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on barley straw at boiling temperature and fractionation of its biomass components into lignin, hemicellulose, and reducing sugars. To this end, various concentrations of NaOH (0.5% to 2%) were applied for pretreatment of barley straw at 105 degrees C for 10 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies revealed that 2% NaOHpretreated barley straw exposed cellulose fibers on which surface granules were abolished due to comprehensive removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) result showed that the crystalline index was increased with increased concentration of NaOH and found a maximum 71.5% for 2% NaOH-pretreated sample. The maximum removal of lignin and hemicellulose was 84.8% and 79.5% from 2% NaOH-pretreated liquor, respectively. Reducing sugar yield was 86.5% from 2% NaOH-pretreated sample using an enzyme dose containing 20 FPU of cellulase, 40 IU of beta-glucosidase, and 4 FXU of xylanase/g substrate. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to produce the bioethanol precursor from barley straw using 2% NaOH at boiling temperature.
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PMID:Effect of dilute alkali on structural features and enzymatic hydrolysis of barley straw (Hordeum vulgare) at boiling temperature with low residence time. 2322 31


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