Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.21 (beta-glucosidase)
3,280 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous studies have shown that Biomphalaria glabrata contains a complete cellulolytic system which includes an endoglucanase, an exoglucanase and a beta-glucosidase. In the present report, a scheme for the purification of the endoglucanase from this invertebrate is proposed. Two major problems were encountered during the study: 1) the presence of a green-brownish pigment, which could not be eliminated by thermal shock or ammonium sulfate precipitation and 2) relative instability of enzymatic activity. Various alternatives were tested and the best sequence of steps was: 1) a sample of the crude extract, obtained by homogenization of the digestive glands in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.4, and ultracentrifugation, was applied to a Q-Sepharose FPLC column (50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.4; 10 mm x 22.2 cm column; flow rate 1.5 ml/min; 0.1 to 0.5 M NaCl gradient); 2) the eluate peak containing activity was dialyzed, lyophilized and eluted from a Superdex-75 gel filtration FPLC column (50 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 4.8; 16 mm x 60 cm column; flow rate 1.0 ml/min). A low degree of purification (about 36-fold) and recovery (about 12%) were observed, probably due to enzyme instability. SDS-electrophoresis of the active fraction showed a major peak of 30 kDa. In order to improve the purification scheme, further studies are required to stabilize this enzyme during purification and storage.
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PMID:Partial purification of an endoglucanase from Biomphalaria glabrata. 754 74

Glycosylations of 3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)- 3,4-di-O-acetyl-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl)-23-O-acetylhederageni n (15) with mono- (16), di- (17) and trisaccharide bromide (18) gave the bisdesmoside peracetates 19, 20 and 22, respectively, which were treated with 5% KOH in MeOH to give the bisdesmosides 25-27. Hydrolysis of the glycosides 6 and 9 having beta-D-glucopyranose as a terminal sugar component with beta-glucosidase in acetate buffer (pH 4.7) gave compounds 28 and 29, respectively. Cytoprotective effects of the synthesized triterpenoidal saponins against CCl4-induced hepatic injury were compared with those of saponins isolated from the leaves of Aralia elata Seem. (Araliaceae) using isolated hepatocytes from rat liver. Although the monodesmosides 1-4 having neutral sugar components only at the O-3 position on the aglycones showed no cytoprotective effect, bisdesmosides having sugar components at both the O-3 and O-28 positions on the aglycones had potent effects, even when the species of the sugar components were different. The bisdesmosides 10, 11, and 27 having five monosaccharides in the molecules exhibited the most potent cytoprotective effects.
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PMID:Comparison of cytoprotective effects of saponins isolated from leaves of Aralia elata Seem. (Araliaceae) with synthesized bisdesmosides of oleanoic acid and hederagenin on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury. 840 88

Phenotypic and genetic traits of porcine intestinal spirochete strain P43/6/78T (= ATCC 51139T) (T = type strain), which is pathogenic and weakly beta-hemolytic, were determined in order to confirm the taxonomic position of this organism and its relationships to previously described species of intestinal spirochetes. In BHIS broth, P43/6/78T cells had a doubling time of 1 to 2 h and grew to a maximum cell density of 2 x 10(9) cells per ml at 37 to 42 degrees C. They hydrolyzed hippurate, utilized D-glucose, D-fructose, sucrose, D-trehalose, D-galactose, D-mannose, maltose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-glucosamine, pyruvate, L-fucose, D-cellobiose, and D-ribose as growth substrates, and produced acetate, butyrate, ethanol, H2, and CO2 as metabolic products. They consumed substrate amounts of oxygen and had a G+C content (24.6 mol%) similar to that of Serpulina hyodysenteriae B78T (25.9 mol%). Phenotypic traits that could be used to distinguish strain P43/6/78T from S. hyodysenteriae and Serpulina innocens included its ultrastructural appearance (each strain P43/6/78T cell had 8 or 10 periplasmic flagella, with 4 or 5 flagella inserted at each end, and the cells were thinner and shorter and had more pointed ends than S. hyodysenteriae and S. innocens cells), its faster growth rate in liquid media, its hydrolysis of hippurate, its lack of beta-glucosidase activity, and its metabolism of D-ribose. DNA-DNA relative reassociation experiments in which the S1 nuclease method was used revealed that P43/6/78T was related to, but was genetically distinct from, both S. hyodysenteriae B78T (level of sequence homology, 25 to 32%) and S. innocens B256T (level of sequence homology, 24 to 25%). These and previous results indicate that intestinal spirochete strain P43/6/78T represents a distinct Serpulina species. Therefore, we propose that strain P43/6/78 should be designated as the type strain of a new species, Serpulina pilosicoli.
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PMID:Serpulina pilosicoli sp. nov., the agent of porcine intestinal spirochetosis. 857 97

Kinetics of [1-13C]glucose utilization were monitored by in vivo NMR spectroscopy on resting cells of Fibrobacter succinogenes, in the presence of 32 mM [1-13C]glucose, 32 mM [1-13C]glucose and 64 mM unlabelled glucose, or 32 mM [1-13C]glucose and 32 mM unlabelled cellobiose. A similar production of acetate and succinate and a similar storage of glycogen were observed whatever the exogenous substrate. The presence of cellobiose or that of an equivalent amount of glucose did not reduce [1-13C]glucose incorporation to the same extent. Glucose seemed preferentially used for glycogen storage and energy production, while part of the cellobiose appeared to be used for cellodextrin synthesis. Both cellobiase and cellobiose phosphorylase activities were assayed in cell-free extracts. Finally, the intracellular concentration of glucose 6-phosphate was increased by over threefold when cells metabolized cellobiose (alone or in parallel to glucose) as compared with the metabolism of glucose alone.
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PMID:Simultaneous but differential metabolism of glucose and cellobiose in Fibrobacter succinogenes cells, studied by in vivo 13C-NMR. 894 85

The anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix sp. strain L2,isolated from the feces of a llama, was tested for growth on a range ofsoluble and insoluble carbohydrate substrates. The fungus was able to fermentglucose, cellobiose, fructose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, soluble starch,inulin, filter paper cellulose, and Avicel. No growth was observed onarabinose, galactose, mannose, ribose, xylose, sorbitol, pectin, xylan,glycerol, citrate, soya, and wheat bran. The fermentation products aftergrowth were hydrogen, formate, acetate, ethanol, and lactate. Thefermentation pattern was dependent on the carbon source. In general, higherhydrogen production resulted in decreased formation of lactate and ethanol.Recovery of the fermented carbon in products at the end of growth ranged from50% to 80%. (Hemi)cellulolytic enzyme activities were affectedby the carbon source. Highest activities were found in filtrates fromcultures grown on cellulose. Growing the fungus on inulin and lactose yieldedthe lowest cellulolytic activities. Highest specific activities foravicelase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, and xylanase were obtained withAvicel as the substrate for growth (0.29, 5.9, 0.57, and 13IU · mg-1 protein, respectively). Endoglucanase activitybanding patterns after SDS-PAGE were very similar for all substrates. Minordifferences indicated that enzyme activities may in part be the result ofsecretion of different sets of isoenzymes.
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PMID:The Anaerobic Fungus Neocallimastix sp. Strain L2: Growthand Production of (Hemi)Cellulolytic Enzymes on a Range of CarbohydrateSubstrates 900 85

Constipation is an ailment encountered often in elderly people. A study was initiated to test the effects of lactose or inulin on the bowel habits of constipated elderly patients and to correlate these effects with several variables measured in feces such as microflora composition, concentration of lactate and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), pH, and the activities of beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase, Groups of 15 and 10 patients received lactose and inulin, respectively, for a period of 19 d. The dose, 20 g/d from days 1 to 8, was gradually increased to 40 g/d from days 9 to 11 and was kept at this dose from days 12 to 19. There was considerable interindividual variations with this kind of dietary intervention. Inulin increased bifidobacteria significantly from 7.9 to 9.2 log10/g dry feces, but decreased enterococci in number and enterobacteria in frequency. In individuals consuming lactose, a noticeable increase in fecal counts of enterococci and a decrease in lactobacilli and clostridia was detected. Total bacterial counts remained unchanged. No changes in the concentrations of fecal SCFAs and lactate were observed. SCFAs showed a slight trend toward higher molar ratios of acetate to butyrate in response to the intake of lactose or inulin. The fecal pH and the beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase activities were not influenced by sugar intake. Inulin showed a better laxative effect than lactose and reduced functional constipation with only mild discomfort.
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PMID:Effects of inulin and lactose on fecal microflora, microbial activity, and bowel habit in elderly constipated persons. 912 68

Synthesis of beta-maltosides, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltoside and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-maltoside, based on interaction of hepta-acetate-beta-D-maltosyl fluoride with the corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers of p-nitrophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone is described. 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltoside was synthesized by interaction of hepta-acetate-alpha-D-maltosyl bromide with 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol in two phase system using phase transfer catalyst. The method of assay of neutral alpha-glucosidase from human kidney and urine using synthesized beta-maltosides (p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltoside, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltoside and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-maltoside) as substrates and beta-glucosidase as an auxiliary enzyme is proposed. The method is simple, convenient and 10-fold more sensitive than the commonly used alpha-glucosidase assay procedure with the corresponding synthetic alpha-glucosides, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucoside and 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucoside. A modification of the method, with p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltoside as substrate, was applied to the semi-automatic assay of urinary alpha-glucosidase in 96-well microtitre plates.
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PMID:[Synthesis of beta-maltosides, derivatives of p-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, and 4-methylumbelliferone, and their use as substrates for determining alpha-glucosidase activity]. 925 25

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of milk and of various fermented milks on the composition and metabolic activities of the intestinal microflora. Groups of eight rats were fed for 6 wk a diet containing 30% nonfermented milk (M), yogurt (Y), milk fermented with Lactobacillus casei (LcFM) or milk fermented with the association of L. casei DN 114.001 and yogurt starters (LcYFM). In the first study, the survival of the lactic acid bacteria from the fermented milks was assessed by bacterial enumeration in feces of germ-free rats (GF rats) fed milk or fermented milks. The metabolic activities of the lactic acid bacteria were studied in these rats by the measurement of glycolytic activities and products of bacterial fermentation, i.e., acetate and lactate (isoforms L and D). In a second study, the effects of fermented milks on the composition and metabolism [gas, glycolytic activities, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), alcohol and ammonia] of human flora were studied using human flora-associated rats (HF rats). In GF rats, the survival of L. casei in the feces did not differ between those fed the LcFM and LcYFM diets. L. bulgaricus was detected in the feces of the rats fed Y, whereas Streptoccus thermophilus was found in the feces of the LcYFM group. In HF rats, fecal concentration of Bifidobacteria was greater in the LcFM group than in the others. beta-Glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) activity was lower in rats fed LcFM and Y than in those fed M and LcYFM, whereas beta-galactosidase (3.2.1.23), alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1 20) and beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) activities were higher in the LcYFM group compared with the others. Methane excretion was higher in rats fed Y than in other groups. Cecal SCFA concentrations did not differ in LcFM, Y and M groups, but total SCFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate were significantly greater in the LcYFM group. These results suggest that milk fermented with the combination of L. casei and yogurt starters leads to specific effects that are different from the simple addition of the effects found with yogurt and milk fermented with L. casei. These specific effects are potentially beneficial to human health.
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PMID:The association of yogurt starters with Lactobacillus casei DN 114.001 in fermented milk alters the composition and metabolism of intestinal microflora in germ-free rats and in human flora-associated rats. 934 56

Ingestion of fermented dairy products induces changes in the equilibrium and metabolism of the intestinal microflora and may thus exert a healthful influence on the host. We compared the effects of consumption of a traditional yogurt, a milk fermented with yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei (YC), and a nonfermented gelled milk on the fecal microflora of healthy infants. Thirty-nine infants aged 10-18 mo were randomly assigned to one of three groups in which they received 125 g/d of one of the three products for 1 mo. The following indexes were not modified during the supplementation period or for 1 wk after the end of supplementation: total number of anaerobes, bifidobacteria, bacteroides, and enterobacteria; pH; water content; concentrations of acetate, butyrate, propionate, and lactate; and bacterial enzyme activity of beta-galactosidase and alpha-glucosidase. In contrast, in the yogurt group the number of enterococci in fecal samples increased (P < 0.05), whereas the percentage of branched-chain and long-chain fatty acids, which are markers of proteolytic fermentation, decreased (P < 0.05). In the YC group, the percentage of children with > 6 log10 colony-forming units lactobacilli/g feces increased (P < 0.05), whereas the potentially harmful enzyme activity of beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase decreased (P < 0.05). These decreases were particularly marked in those infants in the YC group in whom activity of the enzymes was initially unusually high.
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PMID:Milk fermented with yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei compared with yogurt and gelled milk: influence on intestinal microflora in healthy infants. 944 Mar 84

The impact of ovarian hormones and corticosterone acetate on uterine connective tissue degrading enzymes were studied in mature albino rats. Ovariectomy resulted in a significant increase in the activities of alpha- and beta-galactosidases and glucosidases in the uterus. Administration of estradiol to ovariectomized rats brought back the activities of alpha-galactosidase and alpha-glucosidase to normalcy. While beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase were significantly decreased. Administration of progesterone to ovariectomized rats resulted in the increase of alpha- and beta-galactosidases and glucosidases. Administration of corticosterone to ovariectomized rats produced a further increase in alpha- and beta-galactosidases and glucosidases in the uterus. Adrenalectomy in ovary intact rats produced a decrease in alpha-galactosidase however, beta-glucosidase was significantly increased. Administration of corticosterone to ovary intact rats significantly increased the activities of alpha- and beta-galactosidases, while alpha- and beta-glucosidases were found to be decreased. Ovariectomy resulted in a significant increase in the activities of cathepsin-D and cathepsin-E. Administration of estradiol to ovariectomized rats brought back the activity of cathepsin-D to normalcy, whereas cathepsin-E was significantly increased. Administration of progesterone as well as estradiol to ovariectomized rats significantly increased the levels of cathepsin-E, however, cathepsin-D was brought back to normalcy. Administration of corticosterone to ovariectomized rats as well as ovariectomy + adrenalectomy significantly increased the activity of cathepsin-D and cathepsin-E. Adrenalectomy significantly decreased the activity of cathepsin-D, while administration of corticosterone increased the cathepsin-D and cathepsin-E in the uterus. Therefore, these results suggest that estradiol is a potent ovarian steroid protecting the extra cellular matrix components. The effect of progesterone appears to modulate and act hand in hand with estradiol. Corticosterone appears to have an opposite effect to that of estradiol.
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PMID:Interaction of estradiol, progesterone and corticosterone on uterine connective tissue degrading enzymes. 955 57


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