Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.21 (beta-glucosidase)
3,280 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The influences of Zn and Cu on soil enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, cellulase, dehydrogenase, protease (z-FLase), urease, beta-D-glucosidase and beta-D-fructofuranosidase (invertase)) and microbial biomass carbon were investigated in agricultural soils amended with municipal sewage sludge or compost since 1978. The trace metals in the soils were fractionated using a sequential extraction method. Long-term application of the sewage sludge and composts caused accumulations of Cu and Zn in the soils, ranging from 140 to 144 and from 216 to 292 mg kg(-1), respectively. The percentage of Cu was highest in the NaOH- and HNO3-extractable fractions (44-51% and 38-46%, respectively), while the percentage of Zn was highest in the HNO3- and EDTA-extractable fractions (65-83% and 11-32%, respectively). Although the percentage of the bioavailable fractions (sum of KNO3 + H2O-, NaOH-, and EDTA-extractable amounts) of Cu (53-64%) was higher than that of Zn (15-37%), the percentage of the most labile fractions (KNO3 + H2O) of Zn (2.1-5.9%) was larger than that of Cu (1.1-2.4%). The size of the microbial biomass carbon increased with the application of sewage sludge or compost. For some enzymes, however, the ratio of the enzyme activity to microbial biomass was lower in the soils amended with sewage sludge or compost than that in the control soil. The soil enzyme activities were more adversely affected by Zn than by Cu. From a multiple regression analysis, it was found that dehydrogenase, urease, and beta-D-glucosidase activities were reduced by the KNO3 + H2O-extractable fraction of Zn in the soils. These microbial activities seem to be sensitive to Zn stress, indicating the possibility that they might be useful bioindicators for evaluation of the toxic effects of Zn on microorganisms in the soils.
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PMID:Copper and zinc fractions affecting microorganisms in long-term sludge-amended soils. 1148 Sep 22

A bacterium was isolated from the blood culture of a patient with infective endocarditis. The cells were facultative anaerobic, nonsporulating, gram-positive cocci arranged in chains. The bacterium grows on sheep blood agar as alpha-hemolytic, gray colonies of 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C in ambient air. Growth also occurs in 10 or 40% bile and on bile esculin agar but not in 6% NaCl. No enhancement of growth is observed in 5% CO(2). It is nongroupable with Lancefield groups A, B, C, D, F, or G antisera and is resistant to optochin and bacitracin. The organism is aflagellated and is nonmotile at both 25 and 37 degrees C. It is Voges-Proskauer test positive. It produces leucine arylamidase and beta-glucosidase but not catalase, urease, lysine decarboxylase, or ornithine decarboxylase. It hydrolyzes esculin and arginine. It utilizes glucose, lactose, salicin, sucrose, pullulan, trehalose, cellobiose, hemicellulase, mannose, maltose, and starch. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that there were 3.6, 3.7, 4.3, 4.7, and 5.9% differences between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the bacterium and those of Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus anginosus, respectively. The G+C content of it (mean plus minus standard deviation) was 53.0% plus minus 2.9%. Based on phylogenetic affiliation, it belongs to the mitis or anginosus group of Streptococcus. For these reasons a new species, Streptococcus sinensis sp. nov., is proposed, for which HKU4 is the type strain. Further studies should be performed to ascertain the potential of this bacterium to become an emerging cause of infective endocarditis.
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PMID:Streptococcus sinensis sp. nov., a novel species isolated from a patient with infective endocarditis. 1188 Mar 97

The aim of this experiment was the assessment of the influence of various concentrations of H2SeO3 (0.05, 0.5 and 5 mM) on the activity of soil enzymes over 112 days. The lab experiment was performed using soil samples (dust-silt black soil of 1.92% organic C content, pH 7.7), 60% maximal water capacity. The soil samples were treated with a selenic acid water solution at the concentrations mentioned above. As a reference, natural soil was used (without the selenic acid). The activity of the following enzymes was tested: beta-glucosidase, nitrate reductase, urease, dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases. The soil was sampled at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112. The results of the study have shown that the selenic acid had no effect on the activity of the beta-glucosidase in soil. In the course of the whole experiment, the applied selenic acid inhibited activity of the nitrate reductase up to 70% at 5 mM, and the activity of dehydrogenase was also decreased--by up to 85% at 5 mM, similarly to urease (with the exception of days 14 and 28), and acid phosphatase (until day 56). The activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased by the lowest concentration of selenic acid and decreased by the highest, which was found in the course of the whole experiment. The 5-mM concentration of selenic acid inhibited the activity of all the enzymes tested in this experiment.
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PMID:Influence of various concentrations of selenic acid (IV) on the activity of soil enzymes. 1215 Apr 30

The reestablishment of autochthonous plant species is an essential strategy for recovering degraded areas under semiarid conditions. A field experiment was carried out to assess the short-term effect of two reafforestation methods involving mycorrhizal inoculation and compost addition on soil quality parameters and Rhamnus lycioides seedling growth. The nutrient content (NPK) and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase and beta-glucosidase) increased and bulk density decreased in the rhizosphere soil with the organic amendment. Biomass C of rhizosphere soil increased by at least 240% with respect to the control soil after mycorrhizal inoculation and the combination of compost addition + mycorrhizal inoculation. Both mycorrhizal inoculation and composted organic residue addition increased R. lycioides seedling growth in the same proportion. In the short term, we conclude that the application of both reafforestation methods not only enhances the establishment of R. lycioides seedlings, but also improves soil quality.
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PMID:Alteration in rhizosphere soil properties of afforested Rhamnus lycioides seedlings in short-term response to mycorrhizal inoculation with Glomus intraradices and organic amendment. 1259 56

The objective of our study was to assess the response of physical (aggregate stability and bulk density) and biological (enzyme activities and microbial biomass) soil quality indicators to the adoption of agroecological management practices, such as the planting of forage species (forage area) and the rotation of local crops (polycrop area), carried out in a representative tropical pasture on an integrated livestock-crop farm. The pasture system was used as control (pasture area). In all three areas, the values of water-soluble C were higher in the rainy season compared to the dry season. Pasture and forage areas had the highest percentage of stable aggregates in the rainy season, while polycrops developed soils with less stable aggregates. Soil bulk density was lower in the pasture and forage areas than in the polycrop area. In the pasture area, the microbial biomass C values, dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase, and beta-glucosidase activities were higher than in the forage and polycrop areas, particularly in the dry season. The highest increase in the microbial biomass C in the rainy season, with respect to the dry season, was recorded in the pasture area (about 1.2-fold). In conclusion, the planting of forage species can be considered an effective practice for carrying out sustainable, integrated livestock-crop systems, due to its general maintenance of soil quality, while the adoption of polycrop rotations appears to be less favorable because it decreases soil quality.
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PMID:Changes in physical and biological soil quality indicators in a tropical crop system (Havana, Cuba) in response to different agroecological management practices. 1501 1

The isolation and identification of a novel, slow-growing, scotochromogenic, mycobacterial species is reported. A strain, designated MUP 1182T, was isolated from a cervical lymph node of a 3-year-old child. MUP 1182T is alcohol- and acid-fast, with a lipid pattern that is consistent with those of species that belong to the genus Mycobacterium. It grows slowly at 25-37 degrees C, but does not grow at 42 degrees C. The isolate was revealed to be biochemically distinct from previously described mycobacterial species: it has urease and Tween hydrolysis activities and lacks nitrate reductase, 3-day arylsulfatase and beta-glucosidase activities. Comparative 16S rDNA sequencing showed that isolate MUP 1182T represents a novel, slow-growing species that is related closely to Mycobacterium lentiflavum and Mycobacterium simiae. On the basis of these findings, the name Mycobacterium parmense sp. nov. is proposed, with MUP 1182T (=CIP 107385T=DSM 44553T) as the type strain.
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PMID:Mycobacterium parmense sp. nov. 1528 Feb 80

Humic substances and three hydrolytic enzymes (beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and urease) were extracted by neutral sodium pyrophosphate from an olive waste (dry olive cake), alone or mixed with municipal biosolids, during a nine month vermicomposting process. Easily degradable compounds decreased during the vermicomposting process because of microbial consumption. When municipal biosolids were added to dry olive cake, microbial activity increased and the amounts of compounds extracted by pyrophosphate were three times lower than olive cake alone. In both instances, beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and urease activities of the organic extracts either increased or remained the same after a nine month period of vermicomposting, thus suggesting that the humus enzyme complexes resisted microbial and earthworm attack. It is known that humus immobilised enzymes also remain active in soil environments, reactivating the nutrient cycles in soil. The use as amendments of vermicomposted olive cake, alone or when mixed with biosolids, could be a good alternative to reactivate the C, P and N-cycles in degraded soils for regeneration purposes.
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PMID:Hydrolytic enzyme activities of extracted humic substances during the vermicomposting of a lignocellulosic olive waste. 1560 91

A field experiment was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the addition of sugar beet, rock phosphate, and Aspergillus niger directly into the planting hole, and the mycorrhizal inoculation of seedlings with Scleroderma verrucosum, for promotion of plant growth of Cistus albidus L. and Quercus coccifera L. and enhancement of soil physicochemical, biochemical, and biological properties, in a degraded semiarid Mediterranean area. One year after planting, the available phosphorus content in the amended soils of both species was about fourfold higher than in the nonamended soil. Amendment addition increased the aggregate stability of the rhizosphere of C. albidus (by 56% with respect to control soil) while the mycorrhizal inoculation increased only the aggregate stability of the rhizosphere of Q. coccifera (by 13% with respect to control soil). Biomass C content and enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase, and beta-glucosidase) of the rhizosphere of C. albidus were increased by amendment addition but not by mycorrhizal inoculation. Both treatments increased enzyme activities of the rhizosphere of Q. coccifera. The mycorrhizal inoculation of the seedlings with S. verrucosum was the most effective treatment for stimulating the growth of C. albidus (by 469% with respect to control plants) and Q. coccifera (by 74% with respect to control plants). The combined treatment, involving mycorrhizal inoculation of seedlings and addition of the amendment directly into soil, had no additive effect on the growth of either shrub species.
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PMID:Establishment of two ectomycorrhizal shrub species in a semiarid site after in situ amendment with sugar beet, rock phosphate, and Aspergillus niger. 1569 Feb 28

Bioremediation of a refinery sludge containing hydrocarbons in a semi-arid climate using landfarming techniques is described. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of this technique to reduce the total hydrocarbon content added to the soil with the refinery sludge in semiarid climate (low rain and high temperature). In addition, we have evaluated the effect of this technique on the microbial activity of the soil involved. For this, biological parameters (carbon fractions, microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration and ATP) and biochemical parameters(different enzymatic activities) were determined. The results showed that 80% of the hydrocarbons were eliminated in eleven months, half of this reduction taking place during the first three months. The labile carbon fractions, MBC, basal respiration and ATP of the soils submitted to landfarming showed higher values than the control soil during the first months of the process, although these values fell down by the end of the experimental period as the hydrocarbons were degraded by mineralisation. All the enzymatic activities studied: oxidoreductases such as dehydrogenase activity, and hydrolases of C(beta-glucosidase activity) and N Cycle (urease and protease) showed higher values in the soils amended with the refinery sludge than in the control. As in the case of the previous parameters, these value fell down as the bioremediation of the hydrocarbons progressed, many of them reaching levels similar to those of the control soil after eleven months.
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PMID:Bioremediation of oil refinery sludge by landfarming in semiarid conditions: influence on soil microbial activity. 1582 Jul 24

In a 2 x 2 factorial design, 24 newborn, crossbred (Bos indicus x Bos taurus) calves were distributed in 4 equal groups involving dietary treatments of prestarter diets with (FM) or without fish meal (NFM) in a faunated (F) or ciliate-free (D) ruminal environment to study the ruminal fermentative development in pre-and postweaning periods. Defaunation was achieved by rearing calves in isolation and its effect was studied after first appearance of ciliate protozoa (observed after 8 wk of age) in the faunated animals. Calves were fed colostrum for 24 h and whole milk until weaning at 8 wk of age. Ruminal content samples were collected on d 4, 1 wk, weekly to 8 wk, and then biweekly at 9, 11, and 13 wk of age. The samples were analyzed for fermentation products [pH, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia N] and enzyme [carboxymethyl (CM) cellulase, xylanase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, beta-galactosidase, proteases, and urease] activities. Weekly feed intake increased with age, but was similar in both groups. Ruminal pH declined steadily during 0 to 4 wk of age and then stabilized. The total VFA concentration increased with the age. The ammonia N (mg/dL) concentration increased from 14.9 on d 4 to 32.4 at 4 wk, decreased to 17.6 at 8 wk, and then steadied during the postweaning period. Samples collected on d 4 had no fibrolytic activity. Xylanase (U/dL) appeared first (1 wk) followed by beta-glucosidase (U/dL) and CM cellulase (U/dL), which increased steadily from a low of 4.69, 0.08, and 2.95 to 31.8 (6 wk), 5.92 (7 wk), and 19.8 (8 wk), respectively, and the concentrations showed nonsignificant alterations during postweaning periods. The concentration of alpha-amylase (U/dL) increased from 34.3 on d 4 to 87.2 at 8 wk, and then decreased to 56.6 (13 wk). beta-Galactosidase increased up to 6 wk then decreased to trace level (0.20 U/dL) at 13 wk of age. The concentrations of proteases and urease reached a steady state after 1 wk of age. The effect of diet type on ruminal fermentation products and enzyme parameters was nonsignificant. However, a steady and proportional alteration in both parameters in response to dry feed intake with the advancement of age was seen in all calves. Defaunation increased total VFA (97.3 vs. 75.8 mM/L) and alpha-amylase activity (80.3 vs. 61.4 U/dL) and decreased ammonia N (16.4 vs. 21.1 mg/dL), whereas the effect on other parameters was nonsignificant. Ruminal fermentative changes responded to dry feed intake, but did not differ in response to animal protein in prestarter diet.
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PMID:Pre- and postweaning attributes in faunated and ciliate-free calves fed calf starter with or without fish meal. 1590 33


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