Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.21 (beta-glucosidase)
 3,280 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Zidovudine is associated with hematologic toxicity and may also impair the rapidly proliferating intestinal epithelium. However, patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection receiving zidovudine gain body weight, indicating improved absorptive function. In the present study, 33 HIV-infected patients with gastrointestinal symptoms who were undergoing duodenoscopy and who had no detectable secondary intestinal pathogens were investigated; 12 of them received zidovudine. HIV antigen p24 was detected in duodenal biopsy specimens by immunohistology in 3 of 12 patients with zidovudine treatment and in 10 of 21 patients without zidovudine treatment. Morphometry of duodenal specimens showed reduced villus surface area (P less than 0.05) without crypt hyperplasia independent of zidovudine therapy and reduced numbers of crypt mitoses in patients with mucosal HIV infection (P less than 0.001) compared with controls. In the duodenal brush border, patients with mucosal HIV infection (P = 0.006) and patients without zidovudine treatment (P = 0.009) had absent lactase/beta-glucosidase activity more frequently than controls, and all HIV-infected patients (P less than 0.025) except zidovudine recipients had decreased alkaline phosphatase activity compared with controls. These findings show a hyporegenerative atrophy of the small intestine and enterocyte dysmaturation associated with mucosal HIV infection. Improved enterocyte maturation, indicated by increased brush border enzyme activity, may contribute to the clinical benefit of HIV-infected patients from zidovudine therapy.
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PMID:Effects of zidovudine treatment on the small intestinal mucosa in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 156 58

Jejunal biopsies from six patients having the small bowel enteropathy associated with common variable immunodeficiency have been subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation and enzymic and regulatory peptide microassay to define the organelle pathology of this syndrome. Compared with normal subjects, the immunodeficient patients had decreased activities of the three brush border enzymes: alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and alpha-glucosidase. The other organelle marker enzyme activities and all the regulatory peptide concentrations did not differ from the controls. Density gradient experiments showed a complete loss of particulate beta-glucosidase (lactase) with activity entirely located in the cytosol. The integrity of other organelles was normal. These data indicate that the enteropathy of common variable immunodeficiency is associated with abnormalities in the jejunal brush border analogous to those present in tropical malabsorption syndrome.
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PMID:Jejunal mucosal enzyme activities, regulatory peptides and organelle pathology of the enteropathy of common variable immunodeficiency. 369 46

Twenty-one chlamydospore-forming and germ tube-positive Candida albicans clinical isolates from 15 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and 3 HIV-negative patients were examined by two different genetic methods. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and hybridization with the C. albicans-specific Ca3 probe showed that such isolates can be split into two genetically distinct groups that can be clearly distinguished. One group mainly contained strains with atypical sugar assimilation patterns and could be distinguished from the other group by the absence of intracellular beta-glucosidase activity. All 13 strains belonging to this group were isolated from the oral cavities of asymptomatic HIV-positive drug users and may be less pathogenic than the eight strains from the other group isolated either from HIV-positive patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis or from HIV-negative patients with invasive candidiasis.
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PMID:Cluster of oral atypical Candida albicans isolates in a group of human immunodeficiency virus-positive drug users. 761 16

To establish the historical prevalence of the novel yeast species Candida dubliniensis, a survey of 2,589 yeasts originally identified as Candida albicans and maintained in a stock collection dating back to the early 1970s was undertaken. A total of 590 yeasts, including 93 (18.5%) beta-glucosidase-negative isolates among 502 isolates that showed abnormal colony colors on a differential chromogenic agar and 497 other isolates, were subjected to DNA fingerprinting with the moderately repetitive sequence Ca3. On this basis, 53 yeasts were reidentified as C. dubliniensis (including the C. dubliniensis type strain, included as a blind control in the panel of yeasts). The 52 newly found isolates came from 36 different persons, and a further 3 C. dubliniensis isolates were detected by DNA fingerprinting of previously untested isolates from one of these individuals. The prevalence of C. dubliniensis among yeasts in oral and fecal samples was significantly higher than that among yeasts from other anatomical sites and was significantly higher among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals than among known or presumed HIV-negative individuals. However, a single vaginal isolate and two oral isolates from healthy volunteers confirmed that the species is restricted neither to gastrointestinal sites nor to patients with overt disease. The oldest examples of C. dubliniensis were from oral samples of three patients in the United Kingdom in 1973 and 1975. In comparison with age-matched control isolates of C. albicans, the C. dubliniensis isolates showed slightly higher levels of susceptibility in vitro to amphotericin B and flucytosine and slightly lower levels of susceptibility to three azole antifungal agents.
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PMID:Prevalence of Candida dubliniensis isolates in a yeast stock collection. 973 35

Candida dubliniensis is often associated with C. albicans in cultures. Easy-to-perform selective isolation procedures for these closely related species do not exist. Therefore, we evaluated previously described discriminatory phenotypic markers for C. dubliniensis. A total of 150 oral rinses from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients were cultured on CHROMagar Candida. Dark green colonies described as being indicative of C. dubliniensis and other green colonies, 170 in total, were isolated. Chlamydospore formation, intracellular beta-D-glucosidase activity, ability to grow at 42 degrees C, carbohydrate assimilation pattern obtained by the API ID 32C, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used for phenotypic characterization. Sequencing of the 5' end of the nuclear large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene was used for definitive species identification for C. dubliniensis. C. dubliniensis was found in 34% of yeast-colonized HIV-infected patients. The color of the colonies on CHROMagar Candida proved to be insufficient for selecting C. dubliniensis, since only 30 of 53 proven C. dubliniensis isolates showed a dark green color in primary cultures. The described typical chlamydospore formation can give only some indication of C. dubliniensis. The assimilation pattern proved to be insufficient to discriminate C. dubliniensis from C. albicans. All C. dubliniensis strains showed no or highly restricted growth at 42 degrees C and a lack of beta-D-glucosidase activity. Unfortunately, atypical C. albicans strains can also exhibit these phenotypic traits. FT-IR spectroscopy combined with hierarchical clustering proved to be as reliable as genotyping for discriminating the two species.
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PMID:Evaluation of phenotypic markers for selection and identification of Candida dubliniensis. 1074 50

A variety of milk proteins including lactoferrin, angiogenin-1, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, lactoperoxidase, casein and the novel whey proteins lactogenin and glycolactin were tested for inhibitory activity toward human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT), alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase. Lactoferrin exerted the most potent inhibitory action with an IC50 of about 6 microM. Lactoperoxidase, lactogenin, angiogenin-1 and glycolactin inhibited HIV-1 RT activity with decreasing potencies. Beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin and casein displayed little or no inhibitory effect. Succinylation with succinic anhydride augmented the inhibitory effect of glycolactin, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, casein and human lactoferrin. The inhibitory effect of the various milk proteins on the activities of alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase was meager. Succinylation tended to increase the alpha-glucosidase-inhibitory effect of milk proteins but neither their beta-glucosidase-inhibitory nor beta-glucuronidase-inhibitory effect was affected.
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PMID:First demonstration of an inhibitory activity of milk proteins against human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase and the effect of succinylation. 1110 90

From the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes a single-chained ribosome inactivating protein with a molecular weight of 13.8 kDa was isolated with a procedure involving ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and SP-Sepharose and affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel. The protein was novel in that it possessed a molecular weight lower than those of previously reported RIPs and that it was capable of inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase. Its N-terminal sequence exhibited a certain degree of similarity to those of plant ribosome inactivating proteins.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of velutin, a novel low-molecular-weight ribosome-inactivating protein from winter mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) fruiting bodies. 1132 20

A protein designated hypogin, with a prominent suppressive action on the growth of the fungi Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Fusarium oxysporum and Coprinus comatus, was isolated from seeds of the peanut Arachis hypogaea. The protein inhibited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase and enzymes associated with HIV infection including alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucosidase. The proliferative response of mouse splenocytes was attenuated in the presence of the protein. The protein exhibited a molecular mass of 7.2 kDa in tricine gel electrophoresis and gel filtration on Superdex 75 and an N-terminal sequence resembling peanut allergen Ara H1. The isolation procedure involved affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel and ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose. The protein was adsorbed in both chromatographic media.
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PMID:Hypogin, a novel antifungal peptide from peanuts with sequence similarity to peanut allergen. 1132 90

From the roots of the Chinese medicinal herb Pseudostellaria heterophylla a single-chained lectin with a molecular weight of 36 kDa and high hemagglutinating activity was isolated. The lectin was adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose in 10 mM Tris-HCI buffer (pH 7.4) and was eluted by the same buffer containing 50 mM NaCl. It was adsorbed on SP-Sepharose in 10mM NH4OAc (pH 4.5) and eluted by approximately 0.5 M NaCl in the same buffer. The hemagglutinating activity of the lectin could not be inhibited by a large variety of monosaccharides, but was largely abrogated by exposure to 0.05 M HCl, 0.05M NaOH or 80 degrees C. However, about 50% of the activity remained after exposure to 0.025M NaOH or 40 degrees C. Despite possession of an N-terminal sequence exhibiting some similarity to thaumatin-like proteins with antifungal activity, the lectin was devoid of antifungal activity. The lectin exerted some inhibitory effect on the glycohydrolases alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase which are involved in HIV infection but had no suppressive action on human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 reverse transcriptase.
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PMID:A novel lectin from Pseudostellaria heterophylla roots with sequence simularity to Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitor. 1144 23

A variety of lectins were tested in vitro for inhibitory action against the activities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase and the N-glycohydrolases (alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase). Lectins from Phaseolus vulgaris, Momordica charantia, Ricinus communis and its constituent chains, and Agaricus bisporus were able to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. P. vulgaris lectin and A. bisporus lectin were the most potent. The aforementioned lectins had only weak or no inhibitory effects on the glycohydrolases. The inhibitory effect of polysaccharopeptide from the mushroom Coriolus versicolor on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and alpha-glucosidase was enhanced after chemical modification with chlorosulfonic acid. However, the inhibitory effect of the algal polysaccharide fucoidan on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and alpha-glucosidase was not augmented by sulfation. Trypsin inhibitors from Phaseolus lunatus and Glycine max, gossypol and alkaloids from Corydalis yanhusuo were able to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Dicoumarol was capable of inhibiting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase.
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PMID:Examination of lectins, polysaccharopeptide, polysaccharide, alkaloid, coumarin and trypsin inhibitors for inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and glycohydrolases. 1158 48


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