Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase)
 4,237 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The properties of seven enzymes were studied in extracts from Myxobacter AL-1. The enzymes were isocitrate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.42), succinate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.3.99.1), alkaline phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.1), alpha-glucosidase (E.C.3.2.1.20), beta-glucosidase (E.C.3.2.1.21), beta-galactosidase (E.C.3.2.1.23), and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (E.C. 3.2.1.30). Four of these enzymes: isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, and beta-galactosidase are cytosolic enzymes. Succinate dehydrogenase was found to be located on the cytoplasmic membrane system, whereas alkaline phosphatase and N-acetylglucosaminidase were considered as enzymes which bind the outer membranes resp. the cell wall. During the cell cycle, all enzymes have a pattern of discontinuous activity increase. Succinate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase exhibit a stepwise increase of activity, whereas the other enzymes follow the pattern of a peak enzyme.
 ...
PMID:Studies on the cell cycle of Myxobacter AL-1. II. Activities of seven enzymes during the cell cycle. 2 Aug 61

Production of invertase by many strains of yeast is repressed in the presence of hexoses. This phenomenon interferes with studies on the secretion of invertase and with the preparation of large quantities of the enzyme for examination of its chemical and physical characteristics. Saccharomyces strain 303-67, a diploid carrying the single gene SUC-2 for (hexose repressible) invertase production, was subjected to ultraviolet irradiation. No single-step mutations to high level resistance were detected. By a two-step irradiation process mutants were obtained with differing degrees of resistance. The biochemical and genetic characteristics of these mutants are summarized with particular emphasis on FH4C (the most resistant). Although the steady state level of cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) was usually slightly higher in cells grown in low- rather than in high-glucose media, the level of cyclic AMP was not correlated with the sensitivity of invertase synthesis to glucose repression. In mutant FH4C, 1 to 2% of the total cell protein is present as invertase; synthesis of alpha-glucosidase is also resistant to repression by hexoses. This mutant does not sporulate and is probably a haploid of a-mating type with low frequency of conjugation and poor viability of conjugants. Mutants 1016 and 1710 are substantially resistant to hexose repression and still sporulate well. They may be useful for genetic analysis of hexose resistance.
 ...
PMID:Saccharomyces mutants with invertase formation resistant to repression by hexoses. 434 29

Most patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus require pharmacotherapy, initially as monotherapy and subsequently in combination, as adjuncts to diet and exercise. Exogenous insulin is ultimately required in a substantial proportion, reflecting the progressive natural history of the disease. Sulphonylureas and biguanides have been employed for over 4 decades as oral antidiabetic agents, but they have a limited capacity to provide long term glycaemic control and can cause serious adverse effects. Thus, more efficacious and tolerable antidiabetic agents are required. Recent years have witnessed the introduction of agents with novel modes of action, that is, the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors acarbose and miglitol (which reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia) and the first of the thiazolidinedione insulinsensitising drugs--troglitazone and rosiglitazone. Although the former has been withdrawn in some countries due to adverse effects, another 'glitazone' pioglitazone is expected to be approved in the near future. Other recently introduced drugs include glimepiride and the meglitinide insulin secretagogue, repaglinide. Attention is also focusing increasingly on combination therapy using insulin together with sulphonylureas, metformin or troglitazone. Rapid-acting insulin analogues are now being used as alternatives to conventional insulins; their role in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus is presently uncertain but reports of a reduced frequency of hypoglycaemia are encouraging. The development of new drugs aims to counter the principal metabolic defects of the disorder, respectively, relative insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. Novel classes of rapid-acting secretagogues under evaluation include the morphilinoguanide BTS 67582 and the meglitinides mitiglinide (KAD 1229) and senaglinide (A-4166). Succinate ester derivatives represent a potential novel approach to improving beta-cell function through enhancement of insulin biosynthesis and secretion. Enhancement of nutrient-induced insulin secretion is a mechanism with several putative targets within the beta-cell; potentiators of insulin secretion include glucagon-like peptide-1 and its analogues, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and the imidazoline derivative PMS 812 (S 21663). The amylin agonist pramlintide slows gastric emptying and suppression of glucagon secretion. Non-thiazolidinedione insulin-sensitising agents include the gamma-receptor agonist G 1262570X (GG 570) and D-chiro-inositol. Insulin analogues with prolonged action and inhaled insulin preparations are also under investigation. Insulin-mimetic agents include organic vanadium compounds. Whether newer agents will offer clinically relevant efficacy and tolerability advantages over existing therapies remains to be determined.
 ...
PMID:Recent developments and emerging therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus. 1082 Jun 47