Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase)
 4,237 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

6-Phosphoryl-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl:6-phosphoglucohydrolase (6-phospho-alpha-glucosidase) has been purified from Fusobacterium mortiferum ATCC 25557. p-Nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside 6-phosphate (pNP alpha Glc6P) served as the chromogenic substrate for detection and assay of enzyme activity. The O2-sensitive, metal-dependent phospho-alpha-glucosidase was stabilized during purification by inclusion of dithiothreitol and Mn2+ ion in chromatography buffers. Various 6-phosphoryl-O-alpha-linked glucosides, including maltose 6-phosphate, pNP alpha Glc6P, trehalose 6-phosphate, and sucrose 6-phosphate, were hydrolyzed by the enzyme to yield D-glucose 6-phosphate and aglycone moieties in a 1:1 molar ratio. 6-Phospho-alpha-glucosidase (M(r) of approximately 49,000; pI of approximately 4.9) is activated by Fe2+, Mn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+, and the maximum rate of pNP alpha Glc6P hydrolysis occurs at 40 degrees C within the pH range 7.0 to 7.5. The sequence of the first 32 amino acids of 6-phospho-alpha-glucosidase exhibits 67% identity (90% similarity) to that deduced for the N terminus of a putative phospho-beta-glucosidase (designated ORF f212) encoded by glvG in Escherichia coli. Western blots involving highly specific polyclonal antibody against 6-phospho-alpha-glucosidase and spectrophotometric analyses with pNP alpha Glc6P revealed only low levels of the enzyme in glucose-, mannose-, or fructose-grown cells of F. mortiferum. Synthesis of 6-phospho-alpha-glucosidase increased dramatically during growth of the organism on alpha-glucosides, such as maltose, alpha-methylglucoside, trehalose, turanose, and palatinose.
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PMID:Purification from Fusobacterium mortiferum ATCC 25557 of a 6-phosphoryl-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl:6-phosphoglucohydrolase that hydrolyzes maltose 6-phosphate and related phospho-alpha-D-glucosides. 773 Feb 84

The gene glvA (formerly glv-1) from Bacillus subtilis has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified protein GlvA (449 residues, Mr = 50,513) is a unique 6-phosphoryl-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl:phosphoglucohydrolase (6-phospho-alpha-glucosidase) that requires both NAD(H) and divalent metal (Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, or Ni2+) for activity. 6-Phospho-alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.122) from B. subtilis cross-reacts with polyclonal antibody to maltose 6-phosphate hydrolase from Fusobacterium mortiferum, and the two proteins exhibit amino acid sequence identity of 73%. Estimates for the Mr of GlvA determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (51,000) and electrospray-mass spectroscopy (50,510) were in excellent agreement with the molecular weight of 50,513 deduced from the amino acid sequence. The sequence of the first 37 residues from the N terminus determined by automated analysis agreed precisely with that predicted by translation of glvA. The chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside 6-phosphate and 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside 6-phosphate were used for the discontinuous assay and in situ detection of enzyme activity, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis shows that three acidic residues, Asp41, Glu111, and Glu359, are required for GlvA activity. Asp41 is located at the C terminus of a betaalphabeta fold that may constitute the dinucleotide binding domain of the protein. Glu111 and Glu359 may function as the catalytic acid (proton donor) and nucleophile (base), respectively, during hydrolysis of 6-phospho-alpha-glucoside substrates including maltose 6-phosphate and trehalose 6-phosphate. In metal-free buffer, GlvA exists as an inactive dimer, but in the presence of Mn2+ ion, these species associate to form the NAD(H)-dependent catalytically active tetramer. By comparative sequence alignment with its homologs, the novel 6-phospho-alpha-glucosidase from B. subtilis can be assigned to the nine-member family 4 of the glycosylhydrolase superfamily.
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PMID:The gene glvA of Bacillus subtilis 168 encodes a metal-requiring, NAD(H)-dependent 6-phospho-alpha-glucosidase. Assignment to family 4 of the glycosylhydrolase superfamily. 976 62

Klebsiella pneumoniae is presently unique among bacterial species in its ability to metabolize not only sucrose but also its five linkage-isomeric alpha-d-glucosyl-d-fructoses: trehalulose, turanose, maltulose, leucrose, and palatinose. Growth on the isomeric compounds induced a protein of molecular mass approximately 50 kDa that was not present in sucrose-grown cells and which we have identified as an NAD(+) and metal ion-dependent 6-phospho-alpha-glucosidase (AglB). The aglB gene has been cloned and sequenced, and AglB (M(r) = 49,256) has been purified from a high expression system using the chromogenic p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucopyranoside 6-phosphate as substrate. Phospho-alpha-glucosidase catalyzed the hydrolysis of a wide variety of 6-phospho-alpha-glucosides including maltose-6'-phosphate, maltitol-6-phosphate, isomaltose-6'-phosphate, and all five 6'-phosphorylated isomers of sucrose (K(m) approximately 1-5 mm) yet did not hydrolyze sucrose-6-phosphate. By contrast, purified sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase (M(r) approximately 53,000) hydrolyzed only sucrose-6-phosphate (K(m) approximately 80 microm). Differences in molecular shape and lipophilicity potential between sucrose and its isomers may be important determinants for substrate discrimination by the two phosphoglucosyl hydrolases. Phospho-alpha-glucosidase and sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase exhibit no significant homology, and by sequence-based alignment, the two enzymes are assigned to Families 4 and 32, respectively, of the glycosyl hydrolase superfamily. The phospho-alpha-glucosidase gene (aglB) lies adjacent to a second gene (aglA), which encodes an EII(CB) component of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar:phosphotransferase system. We suggest that the products of the two genes facilitate the phosphorylative translocation and subsequent hydrolysis of the five alpha-d-glucosyl-d-fructoses by K. pneumoniae.
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PMID:Metabolism of sucrose and its five linkage-isomeric alpha-D-glucosyl-D-fructoses by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Participation and properties of sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase and phospho-alpha-glucosidase. 1147 29

Inspection of the genome sequence of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334 revealed two operons that might dissimilate the five isomers of sucrose. To test this hypothesis, cells of L. casei ATCC 334 were grown in a defined medium supplemented with various sugars, including each of the five isomeric disaccharides. Extracts prepared from cells grown on the sucrose isomers contained high levels of two polypeptides with M(r)s of approximately 50,000 and approximately 17,500. Neither protein was present in cells grown on glucose, maltose or sucrose. Proteomic, enzymatic, and Western blot analyses identified the approximately 50-kDa protein as an NAD(+)- and metal ion-dependent phospho-alpha-glucosidase. The oligomeric enzyme was purified, and a catalytic mechanism is proposed. The smaller polypeptide represented an EIIA component of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system. Phospho-alpha-glucosidase and EIIA are encoded by genes at the LSEI_0369 (simA) and LSEI_0374 (simF) loci, respectively, in a block of seven genes comprising the sucrose isomer metabolism (sim) operon. Northern blot analyses provided evidence that three mRNA transcripts were up-regulated during logarithmic growth of L. casei ATCC 334 on sucrose isomers. Internal simA and simF gene probes hybridized to approximately 1.5- and approximately 1.3-kb transcripts, respectively. A 6.8-kb mRNA transcript was detected by both probes, which was indicative of cotranscription of the entire sim operon.
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PMID:The sim operon facilitates the transport and metabolism of sucrose isomers in Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334. 1831 Mar 37

Glycosyl hydrolase Family 4 (GH4) is exceptional among the 114 families in this enzyme superfamily. Members of GH4 exhibit unusual cofactor requirements for activity, and an essential cysteine residue is present at the active site. Of greatest significance is the fact that members of GH4 employ a unique catalytic mechanism for cleavage of the glycosidic bond. By phylogenetic analysis, and from available substrate specificities, we have assigned a majority of the enzymes of GH4 to five subgroups. Our classification revealed an unexpected relationship between substrate specificity and the presence, in each subgroup, of a motif of four amino acids that includes the active-site Cys residue: alpha-glucosidase, CHE(I/V); alpha-galactosidase, CHSV; alpha-glucuronidase, CHGx; 6-phospho-alpha-glucosidase, CDMP; and 6-phospho-beta-glucosidase, CN(V/I)P. The question arises: Does the presence of a particular motif sufficiently predict the catalytic function of an unassigned GH4 protein? To test this hypothesis, we have purified and characterized the alpha-glucoside-specific GH4 enzyme (PalH) from the phytopathogen, Erwinia rhapontici. The CHEI motif in this protein has been changed by site-directed mutagenesis, and the effects upon substrate specificity have been determined. The change to CHSV caused the loss of all alpha-glucosidase activity, but the mutant protein exhibited none of the anticipated alpha-galactosidase activity. The Cys-containing motif may be suggestive of enzyme specificity, but phylogenetic placement is required for confidence in that specificity. The Acholeplasma laidlawii GH4 protein is phylogenetically a phospho-beta-glucosidase but has a unique SSSP motif. Lacking the initial Cys in that motif it cannot hydrolyze glycosides by the normal GH4 mechanism because the Cys is required to position the metal ion for hydrolysis, nor can it use the more common single or double-displacement mechanism of Koshland. Several considerations suggest that the protein has acquired a new function as the consequence of positive selection. This study emphasizes the importance of automatic annotation systems that by integrating phylogenetic analysis, functional motifs, and bioinformatics data, may lead to innovative experiments that further our understanding of biological systems.
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PMID:Evolution and biochemistry of family 4 glycosidases: implications for assigning enzyme function in sequence annotations. 1962 89