Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase)
4,237 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In acute experiments on rats using accumulating mucosa preparation (AMP) method it was shown that cold training (daily 2-hour exposure to 6-7 degress C) exerts stable inhibitng effect to postnatal formation of maltase- and gamma-amilase transport digestive-absorbtive system and does not change the dynamics of its own transport. The same training program significantly accelerates the rate of hydrolytic-transport conveyor on the cell membrane external surface in rats aged from 10 to 17 days.
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PMID:[Effect of cold stress on the postnatal formation of the carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport mechanisms in the rat small intestine]. 51 93

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron can utilize amylose, amylopectin, and pullulan as sole sources of carbon and energy. The enzymes that degrade these polysaccharides were found to be primarily cell associated rather than extracellular. Although some activity was detected in extracellular fluid, this appeared to be the result of cell lysis. The cell-associated amylase, amylopectinase, and pullulanase activities partitioned similarly to the periplasmic marker, acid phosphatase, when cells were exposed to a cold-shock treatment. Two other enzymes associated with starch breakdown, alpha-glucosidase and maltase, appeared to be located in the cytoplasm. Intact cells of B. thetaiotaomicron were found to bind 14C-starch. Binding was probably mediated by a protein because it was saturable and was decreased by treatment of cells with proteinase K. Results of competition experiments showed that the starch-binding proteins had a preference for maltodextrins larger than maltohexaose and a low affinity for maltose and maltotriose. Both the degradative enzymes and starch binding were induced by maltose. These findings indicate that starch utilization by B. thetaiotaomicron apparently does not involve secretion of extracellular enzymes. Rather, binding of the starch molecule to the cell surface appears to be a first step to passing the molecule through the outer membrane and into the periplasmic space.
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PMID:Biochemical evidence that starch breakdown by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron involves outer membrane starch-binding sites and periplasmic starch-degrading enzymes. 272 47

The long-term effects of diverting bile and pancreatic secretions directly into the ileum on small bowel mucosa was determined in rats fed a hydrolyzed liquid formula diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four experimental groups: duodenal papilla transplant-sham operation, transplantation of the duodenal papilla into the ileum, bile duct sham operation, and transplantation of the bile duct into the ileum. After 28 days, animals were killed, the same bowel removed, rinsed with cold isotonic saline, and divided into six segments (two jejunal segments and four ileal segments). The mucosa of each segment was weighed and assayed for DNA and protein concentration, and specific activity of sucrase and maltase. Bile and particularly pancreatic secretions diverted into the ileum stimulated local mucosal growth compared with their respective controls. The absence of pancreatic secretions from the jejunum also was associated with an increase in jejunal mucosal mass. Diverting pancreatic secretions into the ileum decreased ileal sucrase and maltase specific activity while the absence of both bile and pancreatic secretions from the jejunum increased jejunal sucrase specific activity. The results suggest that bile and pancreatic secretions entering the ileum are important factors in stimulating ileal mucosal hyperplasia while the absence of these secretions from the proximal intestine is associated with greater jejunal mucosal growth. The mechanisms regulating jejunal mucosal growth appear to be different than those influencing the ileum.
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PMID:Effect of diverting bile and pancreatic secretions into the ileum on small bowel mucosa in rats fed a liquid formula diet. 720 May 38

Warm and cold ischemia-reperfusion injuries to canine small intestine was compared. In the warm ischemic model, the superior mesenteric artery of mongrel dogs was clamped for 2 h and then released (group A). As a cold ischemia model, canine small intestines were harvested with cold lactated Ringer solution, preserved for 24 h in cold LR solution and then autotransplanted (group B). After ischemia and during reperfusion, activities of maltase (MAL), myeloperoxides (MPO), xanthine dehydrogenase (XD) and xanthine oxidase (XO) were measured as well as hypoxanthine (HX) concentration. MAL activities were not changed during warm or cold ischemia, whereas it was remarkably decreased after revascularization in both the groups. Neutrophil infiltration after reperfusion was shown by the increase of MPO activities to 8 and 1.5 U/mg protein in groups A and B respectively from a normal value of 0.35 U/mg protein. During warm ischemia, %XO (XO/XD + XO) was increased from 18.4 to 84.9% for 2 h. In contrast, %XO was not changed for 24 h of cold ischemia. Tissue accumulation of HX was increased 2.8 times from a normal value of 1.06, 2 h after warm ischemia, but there was almost neither accumulation of HX nor the conversion of XD to XO in 24 h cold ischemia. It was observed that warm and cold ischemia caused similar injury after reperfusion in spite of the striking difference in the conversion of XD to XO and accumulation of HX. Thus, it is suggested that the XO system is not always necessary for ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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PMID:Comparison of warm and cold ischemia of the canine small intestine. 764 10

The present study in Lewis rats was designed to assess the predictive value of the mucosal enzyme activities of glutaminase, maltase, and xanthine oxidase and of histology as parameters to delineate the degree of small bowel preservation injury. Small bowel grafts were flushed with saline or a modified phosphate-buffered sucrose (PBS) solution, stored at 8 degrees C for 1, 6, or 12 hr, and transplanted heterotopically. Tissue samples for determination of mucosal enzyme activities were taken after the cold storage period, 20 min after reperfusion and 2 and 7 days postoperatively. Biopsies for light microscopic evaluations were obtained at the same time points, but not after cold storage. Glutaminase activity was well maintained after cold storage, regardless of the duration of preservation. Enzyme activities measured 20 min after reperfusion decreased with increasing duration of preservation (saline: R2 = 32.8%; P < 0.01; PBS: R2 = 52.3%; P < or = 0.001) and with increasing histologic preservation injury. Glutaminase activities were predictive for survival of grafts preserved with the PBS solution (R2 = 49.6%; P < or = 0.001; sensitivity 92%; specificity 100%), while the activities of maltase and of xanthine oxidase failed to do so. The degree of histologic preservation injury seen in graft specimens obtained 20 min after reperfusion was a good predictor of graft survival with a sensitivity of 90% for saline-preserved grafts and 92% for PBS-preserved grafts and a specificity of 88 and 67%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Mucosal glutaminase activity and histology as parameters of small bowel preservation injury. 814 36

The rapid increase in plasma concentration of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) which occurs after feeding may invoke changes in lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) activity of the small intestine. This hypothesis has been tested in 6-week-old pigs living at thermal neutrality (26 degrees C) on a low level of energy intake. Littermate pairs were infused with either saline or T3 at 30 min intervals over a 6 h period, 18-24 h after the last meal. The activity of LPH in mucosal homogenates increased significantly in test compared with control animals (P < 0.05; T3 37% > saline). This was a specific effect on LPH since there was no effect of T3 on the activity of sucrase-isomaltase. Further, it could not be attributed to changes in intestinal morphology since there were no differences in crypt depth, villus height or villus area between the two groups. Enzyme-cytochemical analysis indicated that administration of T3 increases LPH activity at all points along the villus axis, whereas there is no effect on alpha-glucosidase (combined sucrase-isomaltase and maltase) activities. These results indicate that there is unlikely to be a simple causal relation between the immediate increase in plasma T3 after feeding and the initial decline in LPH activity observed previously in young pigs living in a cold environment. By contrast, the subsequent increase in LPH activity could be under the direct control of the food-induced increase in plasma T3 concentration, and the present results suggest a potential role for T3 as an important short-term homeostatic regulator of LPH in the small intestine.
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PMID:Administration of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine induces a rapid increase in enterocyte lactase-phlorizin hydrolase activity of young pigs on a low energy intake. 832 8

To investigate the role of soyabean trypsin inhibitor (TI) during rotavirus (RV) diarrhoea, changes in enzyme activities of six relevant mucosal enzymes (lactase, sucrase, maltase, trehalase, glucoamylase and alkaline phosphatase) were assayed following inoculation of suckling mice with EB rotavirus (serotype 3) along with the TI and compared with the age-matched healthy control mice. The animals were divided into three groups i.e. group 1 (controls), group 2 (RV inoculated) and group 3 (RV + TI inoculated and sacrificed under light anaesthesia on 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 day post inoculation (dpi). Then intestines were excised and divided into two parts (jejunum and ileum). They were separately homogenized in 0.9% cold normal saline and activities of mucosal enzyme were measured. Alkaline phosphatase and disaccharidases were found to be decreased significantly in RV inoculated animals in both the anatomical portions of small intestine of mice. These enzyme levels were restored with the administration of TI i.e. in group 3 and became comparable to the controls in both intestinal portions. These studies suggest that activity of intestinal enzymes which are important in digestive absorptive functions of small intestine were restored with the addition of TI whengiven to infant mice showing its protective efficacy during rotavirus infection.
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PMID:Protection against rotavirus diarrhoea in mice by trypsin inhibitor. 1256 17

We have determined the occurrence of responses at different levels (morphological, physiological and biochemical) in the omnivorous rodent Akodon azarae upon cold acclimation (15 degrees C). A short-term enhancement in food consumption appeared to account for the maintenance of both mass and body composition. At the morphological level, the main response was an increase in the dimensions of small intestine, which constitutes the section of the gut where absorption and secretion take place. An increase in sucrase specific activity was only found in small intestine. Sucrose independent maltase activity was very low since 99.8% of total maltase activity was due to sucrase-isomaltase (SI) complex. Protease specific activities were not affected. The fact that resting metabolic rates determined at 15 and 23 degrees C were similar in cold acclimated animals suggests a change in lower critical temperature. In conclusion, our results show that A. azarae exhibits different strategies to support cold environment that could lead to an enhancement in digestion and absorption efficiency. Furthermore, this work suggests that low temperature is an independent cue of other environmental factors to trigger the strategies allowing the maintenance of body condition in A. azarae.
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PMID:Phenotypic flexibility of digestive morphology and physiology of the South American omnivorous rodent Akodon azarae (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae). 1559 96

Anuran metamorphosis is one of the most spectacular processes in nature. Metamorphosis entails morphological transformations and extensive changes in feeding habits, such as transforming from an herbivore to a carnivore. This phenomenon is especially sensitive to environmental cues. We studied the phenotypic plasticity of intestinal morphology and enzyme activity in tadpoles of the Chilean giant frog Caudiverbera caudiverbera. We tested the effects of diet and temperature using a factorial design, which included a control of nontreated individuals. There was no significant effect of diet treatment (i.e., low- vs. high-quality diet) on any of the measured variables, including external morphology. We found significant effects of temperature on morphological traits. Temperature treatment also had significant effects on aminopeptidase-N and maltase activity. Both enzymes exhibited complex interactions with temperature along the intestine. Gut size varied significantly among temperatures, with intestines from warm-treated individuals smaller than the intestines from control and cold-treated tadpoles. Our findings suggest that phenotypic plasticity of intestinal morphology and physiology exists in larvae of this species, at least in response to temperature. However, we did not detect clear effects of diet or temperature on the timing of metamorphosis.
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PMID:Digestive plasticity in tadpoles of the Chilean giant frog (Caudiverbera caudiverbera): factorial effects of diet and temperature. 1692 38

A regulative two-component system previously identified in Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 was used to construct a cold inducible expression system that is under the control of l-malate. Performances of the inducible system were tested for both psychrophilic and mesophilic protein production using two "difficult" proteins as control. The results obtained demonstrated that both psychrophilic beta-galactosidase and yeast alpha-glucosidase are produced in a fully soluble and catalytically competent form. Optimal conditions for protein production, including growth temperature, growth medium and l-malate concentration were also investigated. Under optimized conditions yields of 620 and 27 mg/l were obtained for beta-galactosidase and alpha-glucosidase, respectively.
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PMID:An effective cold inducible expression system developed in Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125. 1695 51


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