Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several active enzymes have been identified as components of acquired enamel pellicle. In the present study, the interactions of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase B (GtfB) with lysozyme in solution and on the surface of hydroxyapatite (HA) beads were studied. Experiments were also performed to investigate whether structural differences exist between glucans formed by GtfB enzyme in the presence or absence of lysozyme in solution and on the surface of HA. Hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) and saliva were used as the sources of lysozyme; lysozyme-depleted saliva was used as control. Lysozyme activity was significantly reduced when adsorbed onto HA beads compared with that in solution. The GtfB enzyme did not affect the activity of lysozyme in solution or that of adsorbed lysozyme onto HA. The presence of HEWL increased GtfB activity; bovine serum albumin had an even greater enhancing effect. Depletion of lysozyme from whole saliva increased GtfB activity in solution, but not on the surface of saliva-coated HA. The presence of lysozyme affected the amount of glucan formation by GtfB, but not the structure of glucans formed in solution and on the surface. Therefore, the interaction of lysozyme and GtfB enzymes on HA surface may modulate the formation of glucan and dental plaque.
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PMID:Interactions of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase B with lysozyme in solution and on the surface of hydroxyapatite. 1611 Feb 14

This study investigated the effects of short and prolonged administration of a yeast beta-glucan on non-specific immune parameters, growth rate and the disease resistance of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus. Fish fed with a basal diet (control) and test diet (basal diet supplemented with 0.1% glucan) for 1, 2 and 3 weeks were assayed for superoxide production, serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) content, natural haemagglutinin level, complement and lysozyme activities. Fish were weighed at weekly intervals and specific growth rate (SGR, % increase in body weight per day) was determined. After each week, fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila to measure the level of protection. Results showed that glucan administration at 0.1% in feed, significantly (P<0.05) enhanced MPO and lysozyme levels, superoxide production, haemagglutination titre and level of protection against A. hydrophila challenge, irrespective of length of exposure. The alternative complement activity and SGR were not affected by the dietary supplementation of yeast glucan. As glucan feeding at 0.1% for 1 week is able to enhance the non-specific immunity and disease resistance of catfish efficiently, short-term feeding might be used in farmed catfish diets to enhance disease resistance.
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PMID:Dietary beta-1,3 glucan potentiates innate immunity and disease resistance of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.). 1643 20

The cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Acetobacter xylinum (ATCC 53582) were isolated by discontinuous sucrose density ultracentrifugation. Both lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) and trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) were required for efficient crude membrane separation. Primary dehydrogenases and NADH oxidase were used as cytoplasmic membrane markers, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid was used to identify the outer membranes. Cellulose synthetase (UDP-glucose:1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.12) activity was assayed as the conversion of radioactivity from UDP-[(14)C]glucose into an alkali-insoluble beta-1,4-D-[(14)C]glucan. This activity was predominantly found in the cytoplasmic membrane. The cellulose nature of the product was demonstrated by (i) enzymatic hydrolysis followed by TLC, (ii) methylation analysis followed by TLC, and (iii) GC/MS. Further, the weight-average and number-average degree of polymerization of the in vitro product, determined by high-performance gel permeation chromatography, were 4820 and 5270, respectively. In addition, x-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the in vitro product is cellulose II, which is in contrast to the in vivo product-namely, cellulose I.
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PMID:In vitro synthesis of cellulose II from a cytoplasmic membrane fraction of Acetobacter xylinum. 1659 77

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary beta-1, 3 glucan on the innate immune response and protection against Vibrio harveyi infection in large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. A basal diet was supplemented with 0% (control), 0.09% (low) and 0.18% (high) beta-1, 3 glucan to formulate three experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in floating sea cages (1.5 x 1.5 x 2.0m), and each cage was stocked with 100 fish (initial average weight 9.75+/-0.35 g). Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 17:00) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results of 8 weeks feeding trial showed that low glucan supplementation (0.09%) significantly enhanced fish growth, whereas high supplementation (0.18%) did not. The serum lysozyme activity was significantly increased with the increase of dietary glucan (P < 0.05), and fish fed the diet with high glucan had significantly higher lysozyme activity compared with low glucan. There were no significant differences in alternative complement pathway (ACP) activity between fish fed diets with and without supplementation of glucan. The phagocytosis percentage (PP) and respiratory burst activity in fish fed the diet with 0.09% glucan were significantly higher than those in fish fed with the control diet (P < 0.05), but both immunological parameters significantly decreased in fish fed the diet with high supplementation compared with low supplementation and no significant difference was observed between the control and high supplementation groups. The challenge experiment showed that fish fed the diet with low glucan had significantly lower cumulative mortality compared with the control and high glucan groups (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the control and high supplementation groups. These results suggested that low glucan could enhance growth and innate immunity of large yellow croaker with an 8-week oral administration, but higher supplementation did not influence growth, or further improve immunity of large yellow croaker.
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PMID:Effects of dietary beta-1, 3 glucan on innate immune response of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. 1692 52

The complement system plays key roles in innate and adaptive immunity through mediating phagocytosis, chemotaxis and cell lysis. Complement component C3 is a central component in the complement cascade and belongs to the acute-phase proteins whose synthesis increase immediately upon inflammatory stimuli. The liver is the main producer of C3 and it is a well-known fact that the mammalian monocyte-macrophage lineage is a major contributor to extrahepatic C3. Immunomodulators, such as LPS and beta-glucan, can stimulate complement, lysozyme, natural killer cells and antibody responses in fish, thus enhancing the resistance to bacterial pathogens and parasitic infections. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of LPS and beta-glucan on the expression of interleukins (IL-1beta1, IL-1beta2 and IL-6) and the modulated expression of C3 subtypes (C3-1, C3-3 and C3-4) in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using real-time RT-PCR. From in vitro studies, we demonstrated that head kidney macrophages from rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon showed no basal transcription of C3. After immunostimulation, the cells responded by increased levels of ILs, but transcription of C3 was not induced. In contrast to the in vitro findings, the rainbow trout complement C3 subtypes were differentially regulated 48 h after in vivo stimulation with LPS and beta-glucan. These results support the previous findings of absence of C3 in macrophages of the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) and is the first functional study showing differential regulation of the C3 subtypes in any vertebrate.
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PMID:The C3 subtypes are differentially regulated after immunostimulation in rainbow trout, but head kidney macrophages do not contribute to C3 transcription. 1744 14

The tissue expressions of nine immune related genes in apparently healthy Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were analyzed by conventional RT-PCR, quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridisation. The nine genes were beta-glucan binding protein-high density lipoprotein (BGBP-HDL), lipopolysaccharide-beta-glucan binding protein (LGBP), haemocyanin, prophenoloxidase (proPO), transglutaminase (TGase), crustins, penaeidins (PEN), cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (cMnSOD), and lysozyme. Transcripts of all nine genes were detected in all tissues with differential expression levels when examined by RT-PCR and qPCR. BGBP-HDL, LGBP and haemocyanin were mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas and their expressions levels were about 1/10-1/3 those of beta-actin. Their expressions in other tissues were relatively limited. ProPO, TGase, crustins, PEN-3, and lysozyme showed the highest levels of expression in haemocytes and the lowest in hepatopancreas. Their expression levels in the haemocytes were 3 (PEN-3) to 10(-2) (proPO) times those of beta-actin. In contrast to the other genes, cMnSOD showed higher expression levels in haemolymph related organ, stomach and muscle; and lower expression levels in haemocyte, migut, neural ganglion and hepatopancreas. When examined by in situ hybridisation, hepatopancreatic F cells were found to be the major cell type that produced transcripts of BGBP-HDL, LGBP and haemocyanin. On the other hand, circulatory haemocytes and haemocytes infiltrated in various tissues contributed to the expressions of proPO, TGase, crustins, PEN-3 and lysozyme. Both hepatopancreatic F cell and haemocyte generated cMnSOD transcripts. Using in situ hybridisation, the present study is the first to show the tissue distributions of BGBP-HDL, LGBP, haemocyanin, TGase, crustins and cMnSOD in healthy white shrimp. The present results provide a baseline data of physiological expressions for the genes that are important in immune activation and modulation in Pacific white shrimp and a guideline of tissue or organ sampling for effective gene expression analyses for future immunological studies.
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PMID:Tissue expressions of nine genes important to immune defence of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. 1796 9

Time-series changes in transcript abundance of nine genes encoding important immune proteins in haemocytes or hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed daily in a 1-week feeding trial diets containing three levels (0%, 0.2% or 1%) of beta-1,3-glucan from Schizophyllum commune were quantified by real-time PCR. As a whole, the immune modulation elicited by beta-glucan is bimodal, one swift reaction of up- or down-regulation occurred within 24h and a delayed regulation was commenced as late as 3-7days. Haemocyanin, crustin, prophenoloxidase (proPO) and transglutaminase (TGase) did not respond to the glucan treatment. While penaeidin 3 (Litvan PEN3) was swiftly down-regulated (0-24h), lysozyme and cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (cMnSOD) were swiftly up-regulated (0-24h). In contrast, the two pattern recognition proteins (PRPs), beta-glucan binding protein-high density lipoprotein (BGBP-HDL) and lipopolysaccharide/beta-glucan binding protein (LGBP), showed a delayed up-regulation. Their expressions were not maximized until as late as 72h or 7days, respectively, which coincide with the initiation of reported immune enhancement (6-24days) of PO and SOD activity, phagocytosis and superoxide anion production in penaeid shrimp receiving glucan-containing diet. These immune responses could be the downstream effects of the two PRP gene up-regulation that predispose the shrimp to a state of high immune responsiveness. Increased dosage of beta-glucan from 2 to 10gkg(-1) diet did not affect the expressions of the genes, indicating the sufficiency of beta-glucan supplementation at 2gkg(-1) diet.
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PMID:Differential time-series expression of immune-related genes of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in response to dietary inclusion of beta-1,3-glucan. 1802 7

A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) gene was cloned from hemocytes of kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cloning and sequencing of overlapping PCR, and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. The open reading frame (ORF) of M. japonicus LGBP is 1062 bp and encodes a 354 amino acid (aa) sequence with a 23 aa signal peptide. The calculated molecular mass of the mature protein (331 aa) is 40.15 kDa with an estimated pI of 4.78. The M. japonicus LGBP sequence contains (1) two putative N-linked glycosylation sites, (2) two putative integrin-binding motifs, (3) a kinase C phosphorylation site (KCPS), (4) a glucanase motif (GM), and (5) two potential polysaccharide recognition motifs (polysaccharide binding motif (PsBM) and beta-glucan recognition motif (GRM)), and with features of tryptophan-rich, slight homology to lysozyme, and slight homology to lectin. A sequence comparison showed that the deduced amino acids of M. japonicus LGBP has an overall high similarity to penaeid LGBP and betaGBP (85.6-89.9%), lobster Homarus gammarus betaGBP (77.0%), and crayfish Pacifastacius leniusculus LGBP (67.8%). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that M. japonicus LGBP grouped together with other crustacean LGBP and betaGBP, and was close to termite GNBP, but was far way from moth betaGBP, betaGRP, fly GNBP, and mosquito betaGRP. The LGBP of M. japonicus was strongly expressed in hemocytes. The LGBP mRNA transcript in hemocytes of M. japonicus was significantly upregulated 12-48 h after a LPS injection, indicating activation of the innate immune system through the binding of the LGBP and LPS complex.
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PMID:Identification and phylogenetic analysis on lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) of kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. 1857 43

Bacterium Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in many wild and farmed fish species. Immunostimulants are used with success in aquaculture against many pathogens, but the ability to improve innate resistance to columnaris disease has not been studied. Fingerling rainbow trout were treated with two immunostimulants, yeast beta-glucan and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Selected innate immune function parameters, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by whole blood and by isolated head kidney leukocytes, plasma lysozyme activity and complement bacteriolytic activity, were determined to assess the immune status of fish. The fish were then bath challenged with virulent F. columnare bacteria, and the mortality of fish was recorded. Given orally both stimulants raised the levels of immune function parameters, but did not improve survival in challenge at any concentration of the stimulants used. Intra peritoneal injection of beta-glucan increased parameter values several fold, but no beneficial effect of injected glucan on survival was noted. As a control, antibiotic medication administered prior to and during the challenge infection prevented the mortality. Innate immune mechanisms, even when induced to high levels with immunostimulants, as evidenced here, were not able to increase resistance against F. columnare. This may be connected to the external character of the infection. The results from the treatments with beta-glucan and HMB suggest that there is little prospect of preventing columnaris disease by means of immunostimulants in early life stage of rainbow trout. However, the efficacy of other immune stimulants remains open.
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PMID:The efficacy of two immunostimulants against Flavobacterium columnare infection in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 1934 71

The present experiment was carried out to study the effect of different dosages of beta-glucan suspension derived from barley on the innate immune response and disease resistance of Anabas testudineus spawns against infection caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. Four different dosages of beta-glucan suspension in phosphate buffered saline at the rate of 0, 5, 10, 15 mg l(-1) were taken and 8 days old spawn were exposed for 2 h and 3 h. The cell suspension of spawn was assayed for total protein, acid phosphatase activity, lysozyme activity, bactericidal and NBT. Further, the spawns were challenged with 3 x 10(5) cells ml(-1) of A. hydrophila and survivability percentage and immunological parameters were assayed upto day 7. On day 7, most of the immunological parameters such as lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity and NBT activity were significantly enhanced after exposing the fish to all the concentrations of beta-glucan. Challenge study indicated least mortality in the group of spawns immersed in 15 mg l(-1) beta-glucan suspension for 3 h. Thus, 3 h exposure to beta-glucan suspension could reduce the mortality and increase the immunity of A. testudineus spawns.
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PMID:Effect of beta-glucan on immunity and survival of early stage of Anabas testudineus (Bloch). 1969 3


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