Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lipopolysaccharide-rich vesicles were released from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 69V during growth on hexadecane. Vesicle formation occurred over the whole surface of the cell as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. In contrast, the surface of acetate-grown cells, for which little lipopolysaccharide was found in the growth medium, appeared smooth. The overall chemical composition as well as the protein and phospholipid composition of the outer membranes of both cell types was very similar. In the vesicles all outer membrane proteins were found with the exception of an Mr 10,000 polypeptide corresponding to Braun's lipoprotein. Compared with the outer membrane, the vesicles contained more phosphatidylethanolamine. Hexadecane-grown cells were susceptible to exogenously added phospholipase. Nevertheless the barrier function towards lysozyme was retained.
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PMID:Effect of hexadecane-induced vesiculation on the outer membrane of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. 324 92

Recombinant human tumour necrosis factor alpha (rHuTNF alpha) was shown to inhibit human neutrophil migration in the presence or absence of a chemotactic gradient generated with the tripeptide, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP), at doses of 20-100 U/10(6) cells. In contrast, neither recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rHuIL-1 alpha), rHuIL-1 beta, human leucocyte-derived IL-1 alpha (1HuIL-1 alpha) nor 1HuIL-1 beta contained neutrophil migration inhibition properties. However, both the interleukins (1HuIL-1 alpha, 1HuIL-1 beta and rHuIL-1 alpha) and rHuTNF alpha stimulated a neutrophil respiratory burst and significantly elevated the neutrophil respiratory response to fMLP (measured as chemiluminescence and H2O2 production). The stimulatory effects were observed at doses of between 5 and 100 U/5 x 10(5) cells. A characteristic feature of the effects of the cytokines was the range of variation observed in neutrophil responses from different individuals. However, a concentration-related effect was observed with each experiment, delineating suboptimal, optimal and supra-optimal cytokine concentrations. Neutrophils treated with rHuTNF alpha and rHuIL-1 alpha and washed free of exogenous cytokine retained the capacity to show an enhanced response to fMLP. Pretreatment of cells with cytochalasin B enhanced their response to fMLP, and this response was further increased if the cells had also been pretreated with the cytokines. The response to phorbol myristate acetate was also enhanced by rHuTNF alpha and rHuIL-1 alpha. The effects of these cytokines on neutrophils could be abolished by boiling the preparation but not by treating it with polymixin B, suggesting that bacterial lipopolysaccharide was not responsible for the activity of these preparations. The rHuIL-1 alpha increased the release of lysozyme, beta-glucuronidase and myeloperoxidase initiated by cytochalasin B/fMLP, while rHuTNF alpha only increased lysozyme release.
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PMID:Effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 alpha and beta on human neutrophil migration, respiratory burst and degranulation. 328 22

Rat ankle joints injected intraarticularly with 5 micrograms of group A streptococcal peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-APS) developed an acute course of arthritis. Recurrence of arthritis was induced in 100% of these joints by intravenous injection of as little as 10 micrograms of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 3 wk after intraarticular injection. This reaction was similar in athymic and euthymic rats. Buffalo rats were less susceptible than Lewis or Sprague-Dawley rats. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli LPS, and S. typhimurium Re mutant LPS, were also active. Re mutant LPS activity was greatly reduced by mixing with polymyxin B. E. coli lipid A was weakly active. An acute synovitis of much less incidence, severity, and duration was seen in contralateral joints injected initially with saline, and in ankle joints of naive, previously uninjected rats after intravenous LPS injection. The intravenous injection of the muramidase mutanolysin on day 0 or 7 after intraarticular PG-APS injection prevented LPS-induced recurrence of arthritis. These studies suggest that the phlogistic activities of lipid A and peptidoglycan might interact in an inflammatory disease process, and that LPS may play a role in recurrent episodes of rheumatoid arthritis or reactive arthritis.
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PMID:Lipopolysaccharide induces recurrence of arthritis in rat joints previously injured by peptidoglycan-polysaccharide. 329 8

Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in response to cell components of Bacteroides fragilis alone or in combination with Escherichia coli was evaluated. E. coli produced much more powerful chemotactic factors than B. fragilis. The culture filtrate (CF), outer membrane (OM) preparation, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of B. fragilis slightly stimulated chemotactic activity of PMNL. The culture filtrate and OM preparation were capable of inhibiting the chemotaxis of PMNL in response to the chemotactic factors of E. coli but LPS of B. fragilis was not able to do so. Reduction by B. fragilis of PMNL chemotaxis in response to E. coli was not specific for B. fragilis but also occurred in the presence of facultative bacteria. In parallel with chemotaxis, lysozyme release, but not beta-glucuronidase release, by PMNL was significantly stimulated by E. coli but not by B. fragilis.
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PMID:Effect of Bacteroides fragilis cellular components on chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes towards Escherichia coli. 330 20

Addition of 5-20 mM LiCl to purified human polymorphonuclear leukocytes led to the release of lysozyme, the specific granule constituent, but not the release of elastase which is in azurophilic granules. In contrast, 2.5-10 micrograms cytochalasin D/mL induced the release of both lysozyme and elastase. Addition of lipopolysaccharide to leukocytes did not induce enzyme release but primed cells for enhanced release induced by cytochalasin D. Lipopolysaccharide also primed cells for enhanced release of lysozyme by either N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMLP) or Li+ but did not prime cells for elastase release by these stimuli. In contrast, fMLP + cytochalasin D interacted synergistically, leading to enhanced elastase release but not lysozyme release from the cells. Additional experiments with combinations of secretagogues and lipopolysaccharide yielded results consistent with the hypothesis that specific granules and subpopulations of azurophilic granules are under separate regulation and, thus, may be influenced by separate elements of intracellular second messenger systems.
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PMID:Regulation of enzyme release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: further evidence for the independent regulation of granule subpopulations. 345 82

Secretion of complement component C3 by the mouse macrophage-like cell lines PU5-1.8, J774A.1, RAW264.7, and P388D1 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for mouse C3. All cell lines secreted antigenically detectable C3 with the relative secreted C3/10(6) cells/24 h ranked as J774A.1 greater than P388D1 greater than or equal to PU5-1.8 much greater than RAW264.7. C3 secretion was enhanced two- to fourfold in cultures of all cell lines when treated with lipopolysaccharide, streptococcal cell walls, or lymphokine-containing supernatant fluids of mitogen-stimulated spleen cells. A differential induction of C3 synthesis and secretion was indicated since secreted lysozyme and total cellular protein were not elevated in a manner comparable to C3. The relative inducibility of cell lines for C3 secretion in either lipopolysaccharide- or cell wall-treated cells could be ranked as PU5-1.8 greater than P388D1 greater than J774A.1 greater than RAW264.7. C3 secretion was inhibited by cycloheximide or hydrocortisone. Mouse macrophage-like cell lines retain baseline and inducible C3 synthetic activities as do normal macrophages and can serve as homogeneous cultures in which to study regulation of complement biosynthesis.
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PMID:Complement component C3 secretion by mouse macrophage-like cell lines. 347 27

The cytochemical reaction of Thiery [J. P. Thiery, J. Microsc. (Paris) 6:987-1018, 1976] was applied to several Escherichia coli strains having different lipopolysaccharide molecular structures. The granular deposit obtained strongly suggested that part of the R core exposed on the outer membrane was responsible for the staining. As this procedure specifically stains the outer membrane, it was possible to demonstrate that, in E. coli K-12, changes in lipopolysaccharide distribution occurred during autolysis and lysozyme treatment.
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PMID:Cytochemical localization of lipopolysaccharides during peptidoglycan degradation of Escherichia coli cells. 353 16

Murine bone marrow (BM) cells were cultivated on bacteriological grade culture dishes (BCD) in liquid medium containing L-cell-conditioned medium (LCM). The first month of rapid exponential multiplication was always followed by an interim phase of slow growth, and then by continuous proliferation. These established lines were called Jerusalem bone marrow macrophages (JBM phi). One of these, which had been derived from a C3H/Crg1 female mouse and was designated JBM phi 1.1, was studied in more detail. Its cloning efficiency when grown in LCM-containing soft agar was 65%. Of several clones isolated, one, C1.26, was selected for further cultivation and propagated for about 600 days. Cells from all cultures were surface adherent with limited proliferative capacity on tissue culture plastic. The properties displayed by all cells in a culture or clone include a typical macrophage (M phi)-like morphology, effective ingestion of killed bacteria and zymosan, staining for nonspecific esterase, and expression of Fc receptors and of F4/80 surface antigen. Addition of lymphokine (LK) induced Ia antigen expression on a high percentage of the cells. The JBM phi 1.1 cells also secreted high levels of lysozyme, produced a zymosan-induced respiratory burst, and, upon addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), released interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. Efficient tumoricidal activity could be induced by LK and LPS. No evidence for the production of colony-stimulating factors, even in the presence of LPS, could be found. The JBM phi 1.1 or C1.26 cells did not develop into tumors following subcutaneous injection in x-irradiated syngeneic or in nu/nu mice and were also incapable of growing in soft agar without LCM. All the properties studied were expressed at similar levels by the "young" BM-derived M phi during their first exponential growth phase, as well as by other JBM phi lines and clones. It is concluded that the established JBM phi lines consist of homogeneous cell populations which, according to all markers and functions studied, could be classified as non-activated, functional, and mature M phi, resembling in all aspects BM-derived M phi during their first few weeks of cultivation. This shows that cell lines expressing properties of normal M phi may develop spontaneously by continuous cultivation of BM cells in growth factor-containing liquid medium on BCD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Establishment and characterization of murine bone marrow-derived spontaneously immortalized cell lines and clones expressing properties of normal macrophages. 359 67

Brucella ovis cell membranes were isolated from fractured and lysozyme-treated cells by ultracentrifugation. These preparations appeared to consist largely of outer membranes, as judged from the results of ultracentrifugation experiments in sucrose density gradients under conditions that are widely used to separate inner and outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria. The sequential detergent extraction of cell membranes yielded mainly lipopolysaccharide and three groups of outer membrane proteins. In immunoblotting, lipopolysaccharide had good antigenic reactivity with all sera from rams exposed to B. ovis (vaccination or natural infection), but some outer membrane proteins reacted strongly only with sera from immune (vaccinated) rams, not from infected rams, suggesting a possible diagnostic role for such proteins in predicting immunity or infection.
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PMID:Isolation and antigenic reactivity of Brucella ovis outer membrane proteins. 369 44

A potent anticoagulant, anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) factor, found in limulus hemocytes inhibits the LPS-mediated activation of limulus coagulation cascade and shows an antibacterial action against R-types of Gram-negative bacteria (Morita, T., Ohtsubo, S., Nakamura, T., Tanaka, S., Iwanaga, S., Ohashi, K., and Niwa, M. (1985) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 97, 1611-1620). The complete amino acid sequence of this substance was determined by sequencing the peptides obtained by selective proteolytic cleavage. The NH2-terminal end of anti-LPS factor was pyroglutamic acid. Anti-LPS factor had two variant residues at position 36 and the COOH-terminal end, respectively. The following sequence was assigned to anti-LPS factor, and it was also confirmed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. less than EGGIWTQLALALVKNLATLWQSGDFQFLGHE (formula; see text) Limulus anti-LPS factor consisted of a single chain of 102 residues with 2 half-cystines in disulfide linkage. Its NH2-terminal region up to 20 residues was highly hydrophobic, and positively charged residues were clustered mainly within the disulfide loop. By searching the homologous sequence in known protein sequences with that of anti-LPS factor, we found a structural homology between anti-LPS factor and alpha-lactalbumin/lysozyme family.
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PMID:Primary structure of limulus anticoagulant anti-lipopolysaccharide factor. 371 Oct 91


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