Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), an agent with interesting immune stimulatory and anti-tumor activity, was investigated for its capacity to activate anti-tumor activity in murine macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Direct macrophage activation was seen under a variety of experimental conditions using two different strains of NDV, different sources of macrophages (spleen and peritoneum) and different strains of mice (DBA/2, C57BL/6, 615). Various macrophage enzymes (ADA, iNOS, lysozyme, acid phosphatase) became upregulated and anti-tumor effector molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha were found in the supernatant. NDV activated macrophages performed anti-tumor activity in vitro such as anti-tumor cytostasis and anti-tumor cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic anti-tumor activity was broad and active against all tumor lines tested including mammary carcinoma, lung carcinoma, mastocytoma and immune escape variants (lymphoma). Macrophage activation via BCG/LPS also caused a broad range anti-tumor cytotoxic activity while activation via mixed lymphocyte culture conditioned medium had restricted anti-tumor activity. Anti-tumor activity of NDV activated macrophages could be transfered in vivo. Transfer of macrophages which had not been appropriately activated exerted either no effect or a tumor growth augmenting effect. Repeated intravenous transfer of NDV activated macrophages exerted a significant suppressive effect on pulmonary metastases in a mammary carcinoma tumor model as well as in a lung carcinoma model. Taken together these results demonstrate that NDV can strongly activate macrophages to perform anti-tumor activities in vitro and in vivo.
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PMID:Newcastle disease virus activates macrophages for anti-tumor activity. 1063 82

During mammary gland infection, non-specific responses are the predominant ones. The goal of this study was to investigate the mRNA expression of various soluble immune components and of the major milk proteins during the acute phase of mammary inflammation. Five healthy lactating cows were intramammary infused in one quarter with 100 microg Escherichia coli-endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and the contralateral quarter with saline (9 g/l) serving as control. Mammary biopsy samples of both quarters were taken immediately before and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after infusion and mRNA expression of various factors was quantified via real-time RT-PCR. Blood samples for determination of leukocyte number were taken simultaneously with the biopsy samples and rectal temperature was measured at 1-h intervals. Rectal temperature increased until 5h (P < 0.05) after LPS administration and remained elevated until 9 h after LPS inoculation. Blood leukocyte number decreased (P < 0.05) from 0 to 3 h from 7.7 +/- 1.1 x 10(9)l(-1) to 5.7 +/- 1.0 x 10(9)l(-1) and thereafter recovered to pre-treatment levels until 12 h after LPS challenge. In LPS-treated quarters, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cyclooxygenase-2-mRNA expression increased (P < 0.05) to highest values at 3h after LPS challenge. Lactoferrin, lysozyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase increased (P < 0.05) and peaked at 6 h after challenge, and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase-mRNA expression tended to increase (P = 0.07). mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and of alphaS1-casein (CN), alphaS2-CN, beta-CN and beta-lactoglobulin did not change significantly, whereas mRNA expression of 5-lipoxygenase and alpha-lactalbumin decreased (P < 0.05) in both quarters and that of kappa-CN only in the LPS quarter. mRNA expression of some investigated factors (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, lysozyme, 5-lipoxygenase, alpha-lactalbumin) changed in control quarters, however in all respective factors less than in the LPS quarters (P < 0.05). In conclusion, mRNA expression of most inflammatory factors increased within hours, whereas that of most milk proteins remained unchanged.
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PMID:Short-term changes of mRNA expression of various inflammatory factors and milk proteins in mammary tissue during LPS-induced mastitis. 1475 84

The antiinflammatory activities of the isolated flavonoids, including cycloartomunin (1), cyclomorusin (2), dihydrocycloartomunin (3), dihydroisocycloartomunin (4), cudraflavone A (5), cyclocommunin (6), and artomunoxanthone (7), and cycloheterohyllin (8), artonins A (9) and B (10), artocarpanone (11), artocarpanone A (12), and heteroflavanones A (13), B (14), and C (15) from Artocarpus communis and A. heterophyllus, were assessed in vitro by determining their inhibitory effects on the chemical mediators released from mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. Compound 4 significantly inhibited the release of beta-glucuronidase and histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with P-methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (compound 48/80). Compound 11 significantly inhibited the release of lysozyme from rat neutrophils stimulated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP). Compounds 8, 10, and 11 significantly inhibited superoxide anion formation in fMLP-stimulated rat neutrophils while compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6 evoked the stimulation of superoxide anion generation. Compound 11 exhibited significant inhibitory effect on NO production and iNOS protein expression in RAW 264.7 cells. The potent inhibitory effect of compound 11 on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages, probably through the suppression of iNOS protein expression.
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PMID:Antiinflammatory flavonoids from Artocarpus heterophyllus and Artocarpus communis. 1588 9

Pathogenic microorganisms invading the mammary gland induce an inflammatory reaction which includes an increase of somatic cells in milk and activation of bacteriostatic enzymes and proteins in milk. During spontaneously occurring subclinical mastitis the somatic milk cells, mainly macrophages, secrete cytokines, eicosanoids, acute phase proteins and other immunomediators. In contrast, the bacteriostatic protein lactoferrin is mainly secreted by mammary epithelial tissue, while major milk proteins like alpha-lactalbumin and kappa-casein are down-regulated already during subclinical infection. Changes of the mRNA expression of various immunomediators in the mammary tissue of cows during 12 h after induction of mastitis via intramammary administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in several studies are reported. Six healthy lactating cows were injected in one quarter with 100 microg Escherichia coli-LPS (O26: B6) and the contralateral quarter with saline (9 g/l) serving as control. mRNA expression in mammary biopsy samples of various inflammatory factors and milk proteins at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after LPS administration was quantified by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. In LPS-challenged quarters tumour necrosis factor alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression increased to their highest values (P<0.05) at 3 h after LPS-challenge. Expression of lactoferrin, lysozyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and of the apoptotic factors caspase-3, caspase-7 and FAS was elevated (P<0.05) and peaked at 6 h after challenge. No significant increase in mRNA expression of platelet-activating factor acethylhydrolase, 5-lipoxygenase, and insulin-like growth factor 1 was found. None of the parameters tested did change significantly in the control quarters. mRNA expression of major milk proteins did not change significantly in response to the LPS challenge (alphaS1-casein, alphaS2-CN, beta-CN and beta-lactoglobulin) except for alpha-lactalbumin which decreased (P<0.05) in LPS-treated and control quarters and for kappa-CN which decreased in the LPS-treated quarters. In conclusion, mRNA expression of the majority albeit not all inflammatory factors changed within hours of LPS challenge. Decreased gene expression of alpha-lactalbumin and kappa-CN may reduce milk yield and suitability for cheese production.
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PMID:Gene expression of factors related to the immune reaction in response to intramammary Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge. 1618 Jul 30

Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is expressed predominantly by stromal cells in intestinal adenomas from the Apc(Min/+) mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis. We investigated the mechanistic basis of stromal cell Cox-2 expression in Apc(Min/+) mouse adenomas, as well as Cox-2 expression and activity in histologically normal (HN) Apc(Min/+) mouse intestine, in order to gain further insights into regulation of Cox-2 as a potential chemoprevention target. Upregulation of Cox-2 in intestinal tumours is not an intrinsic feature of Apc(Min/+) macrophages as bone marrow-derived Apc(Min/+) macrophages did not exhibit an abnormality in Cox-2 expression or activity. Intestinal permeability to lactulose or mannitol was similar in Apc(Min/+) mice and wild-type littermates, implying that macrophage activation by luminal antigen is unlikely to explain stromal cell Cox-2 induction. Moreover, stromal cells exhibited differential expression of Cox-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, suggesting 'alternative' (M2) rather than 'classical' (M1) macrophage activation. Flow cytometric sorting of isolated stromal mononuclear cells (SMNCs), on the basis of M-lysozyme and specific macrophage marker expression, demonstrated that macrophages, neutrophils and non-myelomonocytic cells all contributed to lamina propria prostaglandin (PG) E(2) synthesis. However, the majority of PGE(2) synthesis by macrophages was via a Cox-2-dependent pathway compared with predominant Cox-1-derived PGE(2) production by non-myelomonocytic cells. SMNCs from HN Apc(Min/+) intestinal mucosa exhibited similar levels of Cox-2 mRNA and protein, but produced more Cox-2-derived PGE(2) than wild-type cells at 70 days of age. There was an age-dependent decline in PGE(2) synthesis by Apc(Min/+) SMNCs, despite tumour progression. These data suggest that other Cox-2-independent factors also control PGE(2) levels during Apc(Min/+) mouse intestinal tumorigenesis. Regulation of macrophage Cox-2 expression and other steps in PGE(2) synthesis (e.g. PGE synthase) are valid targets for novel chemoprevention strategies that could minimize or avoid systemic COX-2 inhibition.
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PMID:Regulation of stromal cell cyclooxygenase-2 in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis. 1621 37

Our in vivo assay system developed to search for allergy-preventive substances, assesses the blood flow decrease in tail vein microcirculation of mice subjected to sensitization with hen-egg white lysozyme (HEL). The blood flow decrease appears to be regulated by various factors such as nitric oxide (NO), thromboxane (TX) A(2), prostacyclin (PGI(2)) and endothelin (ET)-1 together with cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS). In this study, we examined in detail the roles of iNOS in this assay system using an iNOS knockout (KO) mouse. We found that the blood flow decrease in the HEL-sensitized iNOS KO mice was slightly weaker than that in their wild type (WT) mice. This blood flow decrease was not affected by a selective COX-1 inhibitor, a selective COX-2 inhibitor and a PGI(2) agonist unlike the case of the WT mice. However, it was inhibited by a nonselective NOS inhibitor, a specific TXA(2) synthase inhibitor and a specific ET-1 receptor blocker as in the case of the WT mice. The present results indicate that the blood flow decrease occurs via two pathways; one is an iNOS-independent response involving TXA(2) and ET-1, and the other is an iNOS-dependent response involving COX-1, COX-2 and PGI(2). cNOS appears to play some roles in the blood flow decrease and iNOS acts as an exacerbation factor. Our method using HEL-sensitized should be useful for searching for agents that can prevent allergy via new mechanisms.
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PMID:Involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase in blood flow decrease in vein induced by hen-egg white lysozyme. 1760 74

The increasing economic importance of fish parasitoses for aquaculture and fisheries has enhanced the interest in the defence mechanisms against these infections. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are mounted by fish to control parasite infections, and several mechanisms described for mammalian parasitoses have also been demonstrated in teleosts. Innate immune initiation relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognizing receptors (PRRs). A number of PRRs, mainly Toll-like receptors (TLRs), have been characterized in fish, and some molecules susceptible of functioning as PAMPs are known for some fish parasites. A lectin-carbohydrate interaction has also been described in some host fish-parasite systems, thus probably involving C-type lectin receptors. Inflammatory reactions involving cellular reactions, as phagocytosis and phagocyte activity (including oxidative mechanisms), as well as complement activity, are modulated by many fish parasites, including mainly ciliates, flagellates and myxozoans. Besides complement, a number of humoral immune factors (peroxidases, lysozyme, acute-phase proteins) are also implicated in the response to some parasites. Among adaptive responses, most data deal with the presence of B lymphocytes and the production of specific antibodies (Abs). Although an increasing number of T-cell markers have been described for teleosts, the specific characterization of those involved in their response is far from being obtained. Gene expression studies have demonstrated the involvement of other mediators of the innate and adaptive responses, i.e., cytokines [interleukins (IL-1, IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)], chemokines (CXC, CC), as well as several oxidative enzymes [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2)]. Information is scarcer for factors more directly linked to adaptive responses, such as major histocompatibility (MH) receptors, T cell receptors (TCRs) and IgM. Expression of some immune genes varied according to the phase of infection, and proinflammatory cytokines were mainly activated in the early stages. Gene expression was generally higher in the target tissues for some skin and gill parasites, as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Neoparamoeba spp. and Lepeophtheirus salmonis, thus confirming the relevance of mucosal immunity in these infections. The existence of protective responses has been demonstrated for several fish parasites, both in natural infections and in immunization studies. Most information on the mechanisms involved in protection deals with the production of specific Abs. Nevertheless, their levels are not always correlated to protection, and the precise involvement of immune mechanisms in the response is unknown in many cases. No commercial vaccine is currently available for piscine parasitoses, although experimental vaccines have been assayed against I. multifiliis, Cryptobia salmositica and scuticociliates. The known information points to the need for integrated studies of the mechanisms involved in protection, in order to choose the optimum antigen candidates, adjuvants and formulations.
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PMID:Fish immunity and parasite infections: from innate immunity to immunoprophylactic prospects. 1878 35

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory effects of certain furo[3',2':3,4]naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole derivatives 12-18 were studied. These compounds were synthesized from naphtho[1,2-b]furan-4,5-dione (10) which in turn was prepared from the known 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (7) in a one pot reaction. Furo[3',2':3,4]naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole (12) was inactive (IC(50) value of >30 microM) while its 5-phenyl derivative 13, with an IC(50) value of 16.3 and 11.4 microM against lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase release, respectively, was comparable to the positive trifluoperazine. The same potency was observed for 5-furan derivative 16 with an IC(50) value of 19.5 and 11.3 microM against lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase release, respectively. An electron-withdrawing NO(2) substituted on 5-phenyl or 5-furanyl group led to the devoid of activity as in the cases of 14 and 17. Among them, compound 15 exhibited significant inhibitory effects, with an IC(50) value of 7.4 and 5.0 microM against lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase release, respectively. For the LPS-induced NO production, the phenyl derivatives 12-15 were inactive while the nitrofuran counterparts 17 and 18 suppress LPS-induced NO production significantly, with an IC(50) value of 1.5 and 1.3 microM, respectively, which are more active than that of the positive 1400 W. Compounds 16-18 were capable of inhibiting LPS-induced iNOS protein expression at a dose-dependent manner in which compound 18, with an IC(50) of 0.52 microM in the inhibition of iNOS expression, is approximately fivefold more potent than that of the positive 1400 W. In the CLP rat animal model, compound 18 was found to be more active than the positive hydrocortisone in the inhibition of the iNOS mRNA expression in rat lung tissue. The sepsis-induced PGE2 production in rat serum decreased 150% by the pretreatment of 18 in a dose of 10 mg/kg.
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PMID:Furo[3',2':3,4]naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole derivatives as potential inhibitors of inflammatory factors in sepsis. 1969 97

Edwardsiella tarda is an important Gram-negative bacterium that causes systemic infections in a wide range of hosts including fish. The pathogenic mechanisms in this disease are still poorly understood in fish. Indian major carp, Labeo rohita were intraperitoneally challenged with a pathogenic isolate of E. tarda to measure sequential changes in immunity level. A significant decrease in the superoxide production, myeloperoxidase, alternative complement activity, total protein levels and antiprotease activity of serum was marked in the infected fish. However, the serum lysozyme activity and haemagglutination titre were raised in the infected fish. Similarly, a significant rise in specific antibody titre was noticed on and after 10 days post-challenge. This study also elucidates the changes in the relative expression of some immune-related genes viz., interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), complement component C3, beta(2)-microglobulin, CXCa, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and C-type and G-type lysozymes during the infection. Significant up-regulation of IL-1beta, iNOS, C3, CXCa and expression of both types of lysozyme genes was noticed at 6-12 h post-challenge (h.p.c.) whereas down-regulation of beta(2)-microglobulin and TNFalpha genes was observed after 48 h p.c. The results obtained here strengthen the understanding on molecular pathogenesis of edwardsiellosis in L. rohita.
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PMID:Immune responses and expression profiles of some immune-related genes in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita to Edwardsiella tarda infection. 2004 61

A bacterial strain, designated DR-834 and producing immunostimulatory activities to carp (Cyprinus carpio), was isolated from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost soil. Cultural characteristic studies suggested that this strain belongs to the genus Bacillus. The nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of strain DR-834 exhibited close similarity (99%) with the 16S rRNA gene of Bacillus simplex. Two compounds showing potent activity were isolated from secondary metabolites of the strain through bioassay-guided isolation techniques and identified by spectral data (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry) as: (1) 4-trans-hydroxy-l-proline and (2) cyclo-(l-Pro-Gly)(2). They were found to be significantly increased the selected innate immune function parameters, serum SOD activity, serum lysozyme activity, serum bactericidal activity, superoxide anion production and phagocytic activity by isolated blood leucocytes. The effects of two compounds on immune-related genes expression were further investigated. The outcomes of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) proved that the transcribing level of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in the blood have been augmented by 4-trans-hydroxy-l-proline and cyclo-(l-Pro-Gly)(2). Compounds 1 and 2 administration the challenge with live Aeromonas hydrophila decreased the percentage mortality in the experimental groups with the consequence increase in relative percent survival (RPS) values. Compound 2 produced the highest protection with the RPS values of 87.50, 77.78, 55.56 and 55.56 after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, respectively. The study indicates that the isolated compounds could be positively influence the immune response and protect the heath status of carp against A. hydrophila infection.
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PMID:Immunostimulatory activities of Bacillus simplex DR-834 to carp (Cyprinus carpio). 2047 68


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