Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The granule proteins are among the most abundant and characteristic proteins of myeloid cells. They are essential for the antimicrobial activity of these cells and they provide important markers for the differentiation stage of the myeloid series and for the diagnosis of myeloid leukemias. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) there is high production of myeloperoxidase, and its cytochemical detection as well as the t(15;17) chromosomal translocation are important markers in the diagnosis of this acute myelogenous disease. The expression of other granule protein genes in APL has not been systematically determined. We have used the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method to determine the pattern of expression of granule protein genes at the mRNA level in APL cells. We have examined the expression of the primary granule proteins defensin, myeloperoxidase, elastase, and cathepsin G; the secondary granule proteins lactoferrin, collagenase, and transcobalamin; as well as lysozyme, a protein reportedly found in both primary and secondary granules. mRNAs for all of these granule proteins were present in normal bone marrow mononuclear cells. We found that APL cells from three patients contain, in addition to myeloperoxidase mRNA, mRNAs for elastase, cathepsin G, and lysozyme. One patient had faint but detectable lactoferrin mRNA signal, but collagenase and transcobalamin mRNAs were not detectable in this patient. Defensin mRNA was found in one of the three APL patients, and all the primary granule protein mRNAs measured were found to be expressed in the APL cell line NB4. None of the secondary granule protein mRNAs measured were detectable in NB4 cells. After treatment with retinoic acid (RA), which induces neutrophil maturation of these cells, weak induction of lactoferrin and collagenase but not transcobalamin was observed. However, in view of the weak transcobalamin signal observed in normal bone marrow, the absence of transcobalamin in RA-induced NB4 cells must be interpreted with caution. Interestingly, elastase and cathepsin G mRNA disappeared after RA induction, whereas defensin and myeloperoxidase mRNAs remained present. These findings indicate that granule protein mRNAs are regulated separately and differently, and that only minimal expression of secondary granule protein genes can occur in APL cells.
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PMID:Expression of granule protein mRNAs in acute promyelocytic leukemia. 811 51

The effects of various anions on decreasing the solubility of acidic Hypoderma lineatum collagenase at pH 7.2 and 18 degrees C were qualitatively defined by replacing the crystallizing agent of known crystallization conditions by various ammonium salts. The solubility curves measured in the presence of the sulfate, phosphate, citrate, and chloride ammonium salts gave the following ranking of anions: HPO4(2-)/H2PO4- > SO4(2-) > citrate 3-/citrate2- >> Cl-. This order is in agreement with the Hofmeister series. In a previous study on the solubility at pH 4.5 of lysozyme, a basic protein, the effectiveness of anions in decreasing the solubility was found to be in the reverse order. This suggests that the effectiveness of anions in the crystallization of proteins is dependent on the net charge of the protein, i.e., depending on whether a basic protein is crystallized at acidic pH or an acidic protein at basic pH.
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PMID:Relative effectiveness of various anions on the solubility of acidic Hypoderma lineatum collagenase at pH 7.2. 853 49

X-ray diffraction is used to study the binding of xenon and krypton to a variety of crystallised proteins: porcine pancreatic elastase; subtilisin Carlsberg from Bacillus licheniformis; cutinase from Fusarium solani; collagenase from Hypoderma lineatum; hen egg lysozyme, the lipoamide dehydrogenase domain from the outer membrane protein P64k from Neisseria meningitidis; urate-oxidase from Aspergillus flavus, mosquitocidal delta-endotoxin CytB from Bacillus thuringiensis and the ligand-binding domain of the human nuclear retinoid-X receptor RXR-alpha. Under gas pressures ranging from 8 to 20 bar, xenon is able to bind to discrete sites in hydrophobic cavities, ligand and substrate binding pockets, and into the pore of channel-like structures. These xenon complexes can be used to map hydrophobic sites in proteins, or as heavy-atom derivatives in the isomorphous replacement method of structure determination.
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PMID:Exploring hydrophobic sites in proteins with xenon or krypton. 944 41

To investigate the enzymatic properties of Vibrio mimicus metalloprotease, the mature metalloprotease gene (vmc) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein (rVMC61) was purified by metal affinity chromatography. rVMC61 showed maximum activity at about 37 degrees C, pH 8. The purified rVMC61 was very specific toward collagen substrates, such as gelatin, type I, II, and III collagens and synthetic peptides (Cbz-GPLGP and Cbz-GPGGPA). But it did not show degrading activity toward other biological proteins including lysozyme, lactoferrin and bovine serum albumin. rVMC61 also showed cytotoxicity against CHSE-214 fish cells. To examine the role of the C-terminal region of rVMC61, the 3' end of the metalloprotease gene (vmc) was digested serially with exonuclease III. The truncated vmc derivatives encoding 57-42 kDa of the protease were isolated and overexpressed in E. coli. The collagenase activities of truncated proteins were investigated using gelatin as substrate. Deletion of 100 amino acids from the C-terminus resulted in loss of gelatin degrading activity. However, deletion of 67 amino acids from the C-terminus did not affect its gelatin degrading activity.
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PMID:Characterization of the enzyme activity of an extracellular metalloprotease (VMC) from Vibrio mimicus and its C-terminal deletions. 1282 1

Zajac, Ihor (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.), and Richard L. Crowell. Effect of enzymes on the interaction of enteroviruses with living HeLa cells. J. Bacteriol. 89:574-582. 1965.-Eight crude enzyme preparations and two crystalline enzymes were tested for ability to inactivate coxsackie group B and poliovirus receptors on living HeLa cells. Receptor-destroying enzyme, erepsin, lysozyme, collagenase, proteinase, and cobra venom did not alter attachment of coxsackie B3 or poliovirus T1 to cells, whereas elastase prevented attachment of both viruses tested. Treatment of live cells with pancreatin or chymotrypsin rendered cells unable to attach group B coxsackie viruses, whereas cells treated with trypsin failed to attach poliovirus T1. In addition, chymotrypsin was found to release coxsackie B3 and poliovirus T1 from cell surfaces, whereas trypsin was unable to dissociate virus-cell union. These results indicate that cellular receptors for polioviruses differ from those for group B coxsackie-viruses. The finding that 1% solutions of enzymes will inactivate differentially the enteroviral receptors of HeLa cells, without altering cell viability, provides a useful approach for study of enterovirus receptors of live host cells.
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PMID:EFFECT OF ENZYMES ON THE INTERACTION OF ENTEROVIRUSES WITH LIVING HELA CELLS. 1427 31

Dibutyryl chitin (DBC) is a modified chitin carrying butyryl groups at 3 and 6 positions; its peculiarity is that it dissolves promptly in common solvents, while being insoluble in aqueous systems. The high biocompatibility of dibutyryl chitin in the form of films and non-wovens has been demonstrated for human, chick and mouse fibroblasts by the Viability/Cytotoxicity assay, In situ Cell Proliferation assay, Neutral Red Retention assay, Lactate Dehydrogenase Release assay, MTS cytotoxicity assay, and scanning electron microscopy. DBC was hardly degradable by lysozyme, amylase, collagenase, pectinase and cellulase over the observation period of 48 days at room temperature, during which no more than 1.33% by weight of the DBC filaments (0.3 mm diameter) was released to the aqueous medium. DBC non-wovens were incorporated into 5-methylpyrrolidinone chitosan solution and submitted to freeze-drying to produce a reinforced wound dressing material. The latter was tested in vivo in full thickness wounds in rats. The insertion of 4x4 mm pieces did not promote any adverse effect on the healing process, as shown histologically. DBC is therefore suitable for contacting intact and wounded human tissues.
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PMID:The biocompatibility of dibutyryl chitin in the context of wound dressings. 1594 50

A new type of collagen/chitosan/heparin matrix, fabricated by gelation of collagen/ chitosan with heparin sodium containing ammonia, was produced to construct livers by tissue engineering and regenerative engineering. The obtained collagen/chitosan/heparin matrix was found to be highly porous, swelled rapidly in PBS solution and was stable in vitro for at least 60 days in collagenase/lysozyme containing buffered aqueous solution (PBS, pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C. The collagen/chitosan/heparin matrix resulted in a superior blood compatibility compared to the ammonia-treated collagen and collagen/chitosan matrices. The morphology and behavior of the cells on the collagen/chitosan/heparin membrane were found to be similar to those on the collagen membrane but different from those on the collagen/chitosan membrane. Hepatocytes cultured on the collagen/chitosan/heparin matrices exhibited highest urea and triglyceride secretion functions 25 days post seeding. These results suggest that this collagen/chitosan/heparin matrix is a potential candidate for liver tissue engineering.
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PMID:Preparation and characterization of a collagen/chitosan/heparin matrix for an implantable bioartificial liver. 1623 99

Profiles of Bragg reflections from earth-grown crystals of lysozyme from hen egg-white and collagenase from Hypoderma lineatum were directly recorded with a quasi-planar X-ray wave. One crystal of each protein was chosen for a detailed investigation. Each sample is shown to consist of only a few (three and two, respectively) highly ordered domains, misoriented with respect to each other by a few arc s. The smallest rocking widths were observed for the large domain of the collagenase sample (FWHM corrected for instrumental broadening: 0.0016 degrees for a strong reflection at 3 A resolution). With appropriate improvements, this method might become a quantitative tool for characterizing the perfection of crystals from biological macromolecules.
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PMID:The Perfection of Protein Crystals Probed by Direct Recording of Bragg Reflection Profiles with a Quasi-Planar X-ray Wave. 1671 5

The aim of this study was to further investigate effects of a combined chitosan and collagen matrix on osteogenic differentiation of rat-bone-marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), including analysis of the physical and mechanical properties of the sponges. There were 4 study groups: collagen, chitosan, 1:1 chitosan-collagen and 1:2 chitosan-collagen sponges. Chitosan-collagen sponges were fabricated using the freeze-drying technique. BMSCs were seeded on the sponges and cultivated in mineralized culture medium for 27 days. Attachment and growth of cells on the sponges were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Alkaline phosphatase activity and levels of osteocalcin were monitored. Tests of swelling, collagenase and lysozyme enzymatic degradation, and mechanical strength were performed. The BMSCs attached successfully to the structure of the sponges, and expression of ALP and osteocalcin on collagen and chitosan-collagen composite sponges was greater than on chitosan sponges. All sponges showed a high degree of water uptake. Chitosan and chitosan-collagen sponges showed a higher resistance to enzymatic degradation than collagen sponges. A 1:1 chitosan-collagen sponge demonstrated the highest compressive strength. Combined chitosan-collagen matrixes promoted osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs, and improved the mechanical and physical properties of the sponges.
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PMID:Properties of chitosan-collagen sponges and osteogenic differentiation of rat-bone-marrow stromal cells. 1827 41

Microporous polycaprolactone (PCL) matrices containing lysozyme, collagenase and catalase respectively with molecular weight covering a wide range from 14.3 to 240kDa were produced by a novel method involving rapid cooling of particle suspensions in dry ice. The enzyme loading efficiency (lysozyme (50%), collagenase (75%) and catalase (90%)) depended on the enzyme molecular weight and the non-solvent used to extract acetone from the hardened matrices. Sustained enzyme release occurred from the PCL matrices over 11 days with retained activity dependent on the particular enzyme used (collagenase 100% activity at 11 days, lysozyme 75-80% at 11 days, catalase 10-20% at 5 days). The present findings confirm the potential of microporous PCL matrices for delivering bioactive macromolecules from implantable/insertable depot-type formulations and tissue engineering scaffolds and recommend catalase as a challenging model protein for evaluating such devices.
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PMID:Delivery of bioactive macromolecules from microporous polymer matrices: Release and activity profiles of lysozyme, collagenase and catalase. 1949 Oct 30


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