Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Variations in some humoral immune responses to polluted air were studied in two semicohorts of children, initial age 10 years, from two urban communities differing from each other by the degree of ambient air pollution. The material for analysis (blood, saliva) was collected every autumn and spring in 3 successive years, giving a total of 6 sets of specimens for each examinee. All blood specimens were examined for the serum level of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), lysozyme (LYS), total serum protein (TP) and the level of the acute reactants alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M), alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT), transferrin (TRF) and ceruloplasmin (CPL). The saliva specimens were examined for the level of lysozyme (sLYS) and secretory IgA (sIgA). The mean protein concentrations for each of the 6 sampling series were correlated with the mean of 24-h emission concentrations measured in the last 3 months preceding the autumn or spring sampling series. In the community area characterized by a low-degree non-industrial pollution of air the correlations of immunoglobulins to SO2 and floating particles (FP) in air were as a rule inversed while the response from TP, LYS and acute reactants was direct. In the community contaminated by industrial pollutants, correlations between proteins and SO2 were markedly weaker, but there was a significant positive correlation between H2S and levels of IgA and A2M in blood and sIgA and sLYS in the saliva. A high degree of positive correlation was also observed between H2S and levels of IgM and LYS. Inverse correlations were only between levels of LYS and FP, SO2 and H2S. Significant correlations were also between contaminant concentrations and FP. The associations found between the contaminant concentrations in air and levels of blood and saliva proteins supports the hypothesis that quality of air may have considerable impacts on defense mechanisms. Seasonal variations in the quality of air may increase the rates of childhood morbidity for acute upper respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:Relationship of blood protein levels to outdoor air pollutant concentrations in a semicohort of school-age children living in urban areas differing by quality of air. 245 10

A cohort of 66 workers professionally exposed to vinylchloride (VC) in a plant producing polyvinylchloride was examined in years 1979 and 1985 by same methods. Significant changes of the levels of immunoglobulins (Ig), lysozyme and transferrin were not observed during the six years in the subgroup of smokers. Nevertheless a highly significant rise of alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) and ceruloplasmin (CPL) levels in this subgroup was stated. The levels of IgA and IgM significantly rose in the subgroup of ex-smokers, as well as highly significant increase of A2M was noted in this subgroup. The levels of IgG and A2M rose with highly significance in the subgroup of non-smokers; the CPL increase was only of weak significance. Many significant differences in means were assessed between subgroups of exposed workers and age matched control persons. No significant correlation between the levels of the tests and the time of exposure to VC was observed by regression analysis. In the discussion an opinion about possible premature aging of persons exposed to VC was brought forward.
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PMID:Humoral factors of resistance in the cohort of workers exposed to vinylchloride in the span of six years, concerning the influence of smoking. 310 87

Total count of morbidity as well as prevalence of upper respiratory tract diseases (RTD) were followed in 210 miners working in shale mines with a low level of ionizing radiation regarding their smoking habits. After one and half year of observation were performed some tests of humoral immunity in the blood serum and saliva (immunoglobulins G, A, M and sIgA) as well as some tests of non-specific indices (alpha 2 macroglobulin -A 2M, transferrin -TRF, lysozyme -- LYS). The number of healthy non--smokers reached 41.3%, whereas the number of healthy smokers was only 26.5% (P less than 0.05). The greater was the number of diseases in single subjects, the greater was the difference between smokers and non-smokers (P less than 0.005). The difference between RTD morbidity of smokers and non-smokers was not significant in the subgroup of miners employed less than 10 years, but the length of employment it rose significantly (P less than 0.002) in disfavour of the smokers. The difference between smokers and non-smokers is emphasized by ageing. The mean levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) are significantly higher in healthy non-smokers in comparison with other miners; that is stressed also by distribution analysis. The distribution analysis. The distribution of A 2M values is also significantly different in the subgroup of healthy non-smokers compared with other miners. Highly significant differences were found between healthy non-smokers and other miners by discrimination analysis of coupled tests. The differences among the paired comperformed some tests of humoral immunity in the blood serum and saliva (immunoglobulins are apparently cooperative in the prevention of RTD. In contrast to that the level of A 2M are in reverse relationship to the levels of Ig; in the subgroup of healthy non-smokers low levels of A 2M are in connection with high levels of Ig of all three classes. The results are discussed from the point of view of the smoker's habits, the length of employment in mine's environment, the age of the miners and the supposed genetical factors.
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PMID:Morbidity and immunological test in miners working in mines with low ionizing radiation level. 620 25

Blood and saliva were collected in the autumn and spring from a group of schoolchildren (39 girls, 35 boys) with a mean age of 11.4 years. Serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE, alpha 1-antitrypsin (A 1-AT), alpha 2 macroglobulin (A 2M), transferrin (TRF), ceruloplasmin (CPL), lysozyme (LYS) and pertussis (PE) antibody levels were determined. Calcium (Ca2+) and total serum protein levels were also determined. Secretory IgA (sIgA) and secretory lysozyme (sLYS) levels were assessed in the saliva. A highly significant drop in Ca2+ levels was found in the spring in boys, while in girls there was only a greater scatter of the values. Mean IgG, IgA and IgM values fell significantly in the spring in both sexes, but IgE levels fell significantly only in boys. PE levels rose significantly in the spring in girls. Among the other proteins, all the values rose in boys, except for TRF, whose levels fell. In girls, LYS and TRF levels rose, but all the other values fell. The coefficients of correlation between Ca2+ and the tested proteins showed a significant relationship only for A 2M and PE in girls and only for the total protein level in boys; in boys, the determination coefficient for sIgA and IgM was over 10%. The results do not testify to the existence of a close relationship between blood Ca2+ levels and Ig and other blood protein levels.
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PMID:Seasonal changes in the relationship of blood calcium levels to immunoglobulins and some of the blood proteins in schoolchildren. 650 75

Immune reactions elicited in the sera of individuals exposed to nickel and cobalt were assessed by changes in the concentration of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM and serum proteins alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M), transferrin (TRF), alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT), ceruloplasmin (CPL) and lysozyme (LYS). Examinations were carried out in workers occupationally exposed to Ni (38 individuals) or Co (35 individuals) and in groups of non-occupationally exposed children living in areas with a different degree of air pollution from a nearby source of Ni and Co emissions (one group was made up of 54 exposed children, the other one of 64 "less exposed" children of the same age). Groups of non-exposed controls were represented by a group of 42 male adults matched by age and by a group of 48 children from a non-polluted area. Significantly increased average values were obtained for IgG, IgA and IgM in group of workers exposed to Ni, for IgA in workers exposed to Co and for A1AT, A2M, CPL and LYS in both groups of occupationally exposed adults (p less than 0.001 - p less than 0.005). Among non-occupationally exposed children the group of the most exposed had significantly elevated average values for A2M and A1AT which were higher than those recorded in groups of "less exposed" and control children (p less than 0.02 and p less than 0.05, respectively). The biomedical importance of these findings is discussed in detail.
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PMID:Immuno-biochemical findings in groups of individuals occupationally and non-occupationally exposed to emissions containing nickel and cobalt. 666 71

We have previously described the protein patterns of human nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). We now report the identification of a number of additional proteins in these 2-DE patterns. Several plasma proteins (alpha2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin alpha1-chain, IgA S chain, ceruloplasmin, alpha1-microglobulin, amyloid P and apolipoprotein A-1) could be included both in the BALF and NLF spot pattern data bases by matching with a master plasma 2-DE pattern (SWISS-2DPAGE). Furthermore, lysozyme, lactoferrin and the antiinflammatory proteins lipocortin-1 and Clara cell protein 16 (CC-16) were identified by matching with reference proteins and Western immunoblots. Significant differences in the levels of some of the identified proteins were found between NLF and BALF, and between BALF from smokers and nonsmokers. Transferrin, hemopexin and haptoglobin alpha1 were lower in NLF than BALF, while IgA, lysozyme and lactoferrin were higher in NLF than BALF. One form of alpha1-microglobulin was more abundant in NLF than in BALF, while the opposite was found for a second form of the same protein. Moreover, the levels of IgA, ceruloplasmin and the pro-form of apolipoprotein A-1 in BALF were lower in smokers than in nonsmokers. The possibility to describe and analyze differences in NLF and BALF 2-DE patterns at the protein spot level may have wide clinical applications.
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PMID:Protein patterns of human nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids analyzed with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. 993 19

Although the tear film has been extensively studied as it exists in the open eye state, until recently very little was known as to what happens to the tear film on eye closure. Recent studies have shown that eye closure results in a profound change in the composition, origins, turnover and physiological functions of the tear film. These changes include a shift from an inducible, neurologically controlled, lacrimal secretion containing among other proteins primarily lysozyme, lactoferrin and tear specific lipocalin, to a much slower, constitutive-type of secretion, composed almost exclusively of sIgA. This change is accompanied by the build-up of sialoglycoproteins of epithelial and goblet cell origin, the build-up and activation of complement and the build-up of serum proteins. In addition, various cytokines and proinflammatory mediators accumulate, including some which are potent inducers of angiogenesis and leukochemotaxis. The closed eye also exhibits the recruitment and activation of massive numbers of PMN cells. This results in a stagnant, closed eye layer, which is extremely rich in reactive complement products, PMN cell proteases including protease-3, elastase, capthepsin G, MMP-9 and urokinase. We have postulated that this shift represents a fundamental change in host-defense strategies from a passive-barrier defense to an active immune, inflammatory, phagocyte-mediated process and that this shift is necessitated in order to protect the cornea from entrapped microorganisms. Studies have shown that autologous cell damage is avoided in closed eye tear fluid, by the accumulation of several modulators of complement activation, which shift activation towards opsonization of entrapped microorganisms and the build-up of a wide array of antiproteases. Some of the latter are likely to arise from the ocular surface tissues. Corneal neovascularization may be avoided in part by the build-up of alpha2-macroglobulin and the conversion of plasminogen to angiostatin. It is highly probable that other bioactive protein fragments are produced in the closed eye, which contribute to homeostasis. Areas of future study are indicated.
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PMID:Towards a closed eye model of the pre-ocular tear layer. 1102 50

In fish all the pre-requisites to mount a specific immune response are present, but the main differences from the mammalian system are that the secondary response is relatively minor and IgG is not present. In teleosts mainly IgM is present, and IgD has been recently described but its function is, as yet, unknown. However, different forms of fish IgM and its observed flexibility of structure may compensate for a lack of Ig class diversity. The innate immune response of teleosts is highly developed. Multiple forms of key constitutive and inducible components, such as lysozyme, C3, alpha2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein, are present, and may enhance immune recognition. Low ambient temperature appears to have an impact on all aspects of the immune response, particularly the T-dependent specific immune response due to the non-adaptive lipid composition of T-cell membranes. Temperature effects on the nonspecific immune system are less well characterised, but there is evidence that low temperatures are also suppressive. Knowledge of immune system function becomes essential for disease prevention strategies such as the development of vaccines, selection for increased disease resistance and identification of genes suitable for trangenesis.
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PMID:Immune responses of teleost fish. 1159 20

The myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei invades the intestine of gilthead sea bream producing a slow-progressing disease, which may end in the death of fish. The present work aimed to better know the host immune response and the underlying molecular mechanisms, which may help to understand why some individuals seem to be refractory to the disease. Three main aspects involved in fish health and welfare (immune, growth and redox status) were studied in fish exposed to E. leei-contaminated effluent, in comparison with control animals (not exposed to the disease). After chronic exposure (113days), prevalence of infection was 67.8%. Among exposed fish, parasitized and non-parasitized fish exhibited clear differences in some of the measured innate immune factors (respiratory burst, serum peroxidases, lysozyme and complement), and in the expression of immune, antioxidant and GH-related genes. The respiratory burst of parasitized fish was significantly higher, and serum peroxidases and lysozyme were significantly decreased both in parasitized and non-parasitized fish. The gene expression of GHR-I, GHR-II, IGF-I and IGF-II was measured in head kidney (HK) samples, and that of interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, alpha-2M, GR, GPx-1 and GRP-75 was measured in intestine and HK samples, by rtqPCR. Parasitized fish exhibited a down-regulation of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and GPx-1 in the intestine, and GHR-I and IGF-I were also down regulated in HK. alpha-2M and GRP-75 were over-expressed in the intestine of parasitized animals. Non-parasitized fish had increased transcripts of GHR-I and IGF-I with respect to control animals, which could furnish their immunocytes with an advantage to combat the parasite. The expression of GHR-II and IGF-II was not altered by the parasite challenge.
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PMID:Chronic exposure to the parasite Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) modulates the immune response and the expression of growth, redox and immune relevant genes in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L. 1834 57

The purpose of this review is to analyze investigations devoted to characteristic of protein variability and diversity of their posttranslational modifications in healthy humans. The numerous researches have demonstrated that proteomic profile has a considerable both intra- and inter-individual variability, and quite often normal variability of some proteins can be comparable to changes observed in pathological processes. Results obtained by our research group have confirmed high intra-individual variability of serum low-molecular subproteome of healthy volunteers, certified by a special medial committee. Proteins characterized by high variability in normal conditions (e.g. haptoglobin--0-40 mg/ml; lysozyme--0,01-0,1 mg/ml; C-reactive protein--0,01-0,3 mg/ml) should be excluded from the list of potential biomarkers. On the contrary, proteins and peptides characterized by insignificant dispersion in healthy population (such as albumin--coefficient of variation (CV) 9%; transferrin--CV14%; C3c complement--CV 17%, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein--CV 21%, alpha2-macroglobulin--CV 20%; transthyretin fragment--CV 28,3% and beta-chain alpha2-HS-glycoprotein--CV 29,7%) can provide us with important information about state of health. Thus investigations of plasticity in proteomic profiles of healthy humans will help to correct reference intervals used in clinical proteomics.
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PMID:[Variability of healthy human proteome]. 2328 93


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