Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three sporulation mutants have been isolated which produce spores with an atypical resistance phenotype, i.e. they are sensitive to organic solvents and heat but resistant to lysozyme. All three mutants produced serine protease, alkaline phosphatase and glucose dehydrogenase which are biochemical marker events for stages I, II and III. Two of the three mutants produced dipicolinic acid, a late marker, but the third was defective in its production. Heat-resistance was not restored to any of the mutants by the provision of exogenous dipicolinate. Gel electrophoresis showed that the mutant spores had similar patterns of spore coat proteins to the wild-type and electron microscopy revealed no significant structural differences. The three mutations responsible for the phenotypes of the mutant spores lie in the phe-argA region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. Recombination index values indicate that the mutations are in three separate genes. They define at least two new sporulation loci, designated spoVH and spoVJ.
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PMID:SpoVH and spoVJ--new sporulation loci in Bacillus subtilis 168. 640 8

A lysozyme-detergent method was developed for the fractionation of sporulating cells of B. subtilis 168 wild type into mother cell and forespore fractions. The method is very mild and is reproducible with optimum concentrations of Brij-58, deoxycholic acid and sucrose. The results were confirmed by application of the method to temperature sensitive mutants. Ts-1 and Ts-3. The amounts of proteins, and the activities of protease, alkaline phosphatase and glucose dehydrogenase were about 55, 56, 91, and 40%, respectively, in the mother cell fraction, and about 45, 44, 9, and 60%, respectively, in the forespore fraction, taking the totals for the combined fractions as 100%. Slab gel electrophoretic patterns indicated that many species of proteins with different molecular weights were present in the two fractions. Pulse-labeling with [3H]UTP was carried out in vivo at stage III, and 35.2 and 64.8% of the [3H]UMP incorporated into RNAs were distributed in the mother cell and forespore fractions, respectively. The results indicate that more RNA synthesis occurs in the forespores than in the mother cells of sporulating cells.
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PMID:Fractionation and biochemical properties of the mother cell and forespore functions from sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis. 677 67

Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) are ectoparasites of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and cause serious damage to bee colonies. The mechanism of how varroa mites kill honey bees remains unclear. We have addressed the effects of the mites on bee immunity and the replication of a picorna-like virus, the deformed wing virus (DWV). The expression of genes encoding three antimicrobial peptides (abaecin, defensin, and hymenoptaecin) and four immunity-related enzymes (phenol oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase, glucose oxidase, and lysozyme) were used as markers to measure the difference in the immune response. We have demonstrated an example of an ectoparasite immunosuppressing its invertebrate host with the evidence that parasitization significantly suppressed expression of these immunity-related genes. Given that ticks immunosuppress their vertebrate hosts, our finding indicates that immunosuppression of hosts may be a common phenomenon in the interaction and coevolution between ectoparasites and their vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. DWV viral titers were significantly negatively correlated with the expression levels of the immunity-related enzymes. All bees had detectable DWV. Mite-infested pupae developed into adults with either normal or deformed wings. All of the deformed-wing bees were greatly infected by DWV (approximately 10(6) times higher than varroa-infested but normal-winged bees). Injection with heat-killed bacteria dramatically promoted DWV titers (10(5) times in 10 h) in the mite-infested, normal-winged bees to levels similar to those found in mite-infested, deformed-wing bees. Varroa mites may cause the serious demise of honey bees by suppressing bee immunity and by boosting the amplification of DWV in bees exposed to microbes.
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PMID:Impact of an ectoparasite on the immunity and pathology of an invertebrate: evidence for host immunosuppression and viral amplification. 1589 57

Screening of proteins for crystallization under laser irradiation was investigated using six proteins: ribonuclease B, glucose dehydrogenase, lysozyme, sorbitol dehydrogenase, fructose dehydrogenase and myoglobin. Shining 532 nm green circularly polarized laser light with a picosecond pulse and 6 mW power for 30 s on newly set-up protein drops showed a marked improvement in the number of screen conditions amenable for crystal growth compared with control drops under identical conditions but without laser exposure. For glucose dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, larger and better quality crystals were formed and the resolution of X-ray diffraction was improved. The speed of crystallization increased in the case of ribonuclease B, lysozyme and sorbitol dehydrogenase. During laser irradiation, the amount of precipitation in the screened drops increased, indicating a transient decrease in protein solubility. At the optimized laser settings, there was no deleterious effect of the laser on crystal growth or on the protein. In the cases of ribonuclease B and lysozyme the crystal packing did not change owing to the laser exposure.
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PMID:Laser-improved protein crystallization screening. 2069 83

The mite Varroa destructor is an ectoparasite affecting honey bees worldwide. Synthetic acaricides have been among the principal tools available to beekeepers for its control, although several studies have shown its negative effects on honey bee physiology. Recent research suggests that those molecules strongly impact on immune signaling cascades and cellular immunity. In the present work, LC(50) in six-day-old bees were determined for the following acaricides: tau-fluvalinate, flumethrin, amitraz and coumaphos. According to this obtained value, a group of individuals was treated with each acaricide and then processed for qPCR analysis. Transcript levels for genes encoding antimicrobial peptides and immune-related proteins were assessed. Flumethrin increased the expression of hymenoptaecin when comparing treated and control bees. Significant differences were recorded between coumaphos and flumethrin treatments, while the first one reduced the expression of hymenoptaecin and abaecin, the last one up-regulated their expressions. No significant statistically changes were recorded in the expression levels of vitellogenin, lysozyme or glucose dehydrogenase among bees treated with acaricides and control bees. This work constitutes the first report, under laboratory conditions, about induction of immune related genes in response to synthetic miticides.
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PMID:Immune-related gene expression in nurse honey bees (Apis mellifera) exposed to synthetic acaricides. 2314 24