Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Microglandular adenosis (MGA) of the breast is an uncommon, benign lesion that may mimic invasive carcinoma and has recently been recognized as having significant premalignant potential. When carcinomas arise in MGA, there is often a transition from ordinary MGA to atypical MGA (AMGA) to carcinoma. Nineteen cases of carcinoma arising in MGA are reported: 7 invasive carcinomas, 7 intraductal carcinomas (DCIS), and 5 with both invasive and intraductal carcinoma. A single case of AMGA without carcinoma is also reported. The 20 patients ranged in age from 36 to 81 years (mean 52). The most common clinical presentation was either a palpable mass (13 patients) or a mammographic abnormality (4 patients). All 20 cases contained AMGA, and in some cases AMGA was the predominant lesion. In 18 of the 19 cases with carcinoma, there was a clear transition from AMGA to the carcinoma. Twelve cases contained ordinary MGA, but in only 2 cases was MGA a prominent component of the lesion. In contrast to ordinary MGA, the glands of AMGA were more irregularly shaped, closely packed, and cytologically atypical and tended to lack secretions. A solid, occlusive proliferation of cells in the tubules was seen in 10 cases. All 12 examples of in situ carcinoma were either grade 2 or 3 and typically showed a solid proliferation of severely atypical cells within the glands; a cribrifrom pattern was also present in 1 case. The invasive carcinomas were morphologically diverse and included 2 with a basaloid morphology and 2 metaplastic carcinomas. Various immunostains were performed, and each lesion (AMGA, in situ, and invasive carcinoma) was separately assessed for immunoreactivity. As expected, S-100 was positive in the vast majority of AMGA and in situ carcinomas and in all 12 invasive carcinomas. S-100beta was also positive in the majority of cases although the staining was weaker. Laminin and type IV collagen highlighted the basement membrane around the AMGA and in situ carcinoma and are useful stains in difficult cases. Except for a single case, ER and PR were negative in all lesions. Cytokeratin 7 (CK 7) was positive, while cytokeratin 20 (CK 20) was negative in all cases. Immunostains for CK903 showed no reactivity in any of the invasive carcinomas, in situ carcinomas, or atypical MGA but was focally present in the associated MGA in 2 of the 8 cases studied. Immunostains for MIB-1 and p53 were semiquantitatively assessed and both were positive in AMGA but tended to show a more intense staining in the carcinomas. Five cases were also studied for immunoexpression of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), alpha-1 antichymotrypsin (ACTP), lysozyme, and salivary gland amylase. All 5 invasive carcinomas were positive for ACTP, though the staining was very focal in about 10% of the cells in a basaloid carcinoma. The in situ carcinoma as well as the AMGA in 4 of the 5 cases were positive for ACTP. Three of the 5 invasive carcinomas were positive for AAT in 10% to 40% of the cells. The most intense positivity for AAT and ACTP was in cells with coarsely granular apocrine appearance evident in 2 of the 5 cases. Four of the 5 invasive carcinomas were positive for lysozyme in 10% to 50% of the cancer cells; the in situ carcinoma and the associated AMGA showed similar immunoreaction in each case. None of the 5 cases showed convincing positivity for salivary gland amylase. The MGA in all 5 cases was negative for AAT and ACTP; the MGA in 1 of the 5 cases was positive for lysozyme. This study confirms the potential of MGA to develop into an invasive carcinoma, more clearly defines the features of AMGA, highlights the importance of AMGA in the evolution of carcinoma from MGA, and expands our knowledge of the immunophenotype of AMGA and the carcinomas arising from it. The diagnostic criteria briefly noted previously for diagnosis of AMGA and carcinoma arising in MGA are expanded and formally proposed. Int J Surg Pathol 8(4):303-315, 2000
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PMID:Carcinoma Arising in Microglandular Adenosis: An Immunohistochemical Analysis of 20 Intraepithelial and Invasive Neoplasms. 1149 7

The mechanism of progression from gastric endocrine cell hyperplasias (ECHs) to carcinoid tumor (GCT) is still unknown. In these lesions, the distribution of metaplastic Paneth, gastrin and pancreatic acinar cells developing due to consequences of corporal mucosal atrophy has not been investigated in detail. In this study, 33 gastric endoscopic biopsies with endocrine cell lesions were examined. In all cases except 6 with solitary GCT, complete-type (small intestine) intestinal metaplasia (IM) with Paneth cells was observed. The density of lysozyme-positive Paneth cells in IMs in cases with GCTs was less than those in ECH alone. The density of gastrin-positive cells in IMs and average number of micronodules of ECHs were similar. Pancreatic acinar metaplasia (PAM) was observed in 6 cases of GCTs with ECH. The size of GCTs with ECH was smaller than those without ECH. By image analysis, the percentage of Ki67 (MIB-1, proliferation marker) expressing cells of GCTs with ECH was 5.1+/-0.6%, and GCT without ECH 7.8+/-1%. Our results indicate that few Paneth cells and many PAMs in atrophic corporal mucosa are seen more frequently in cases of GCTs with ECH, compared to those in ECH alone. Gastrin-positive cells in the corporal IM may stimulate enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, which may induce hyperplasia, dysplasia or neoplasia by augmenting the effects of hypergastrinemia through a paracrine mechanism on local gastrin-sensitive cells.
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PMID:Altered distribution of metaplastic Paneth, gastrin and pancreatic acinar cells in atrophic gastritic mucosa with endocrine cell lesions. 1473 20

Melanoma with prominent pigment synthesis or animal-type melanoma (ATM) is a very rare type of melanoma. Its histogenesis has not been elucidated and ultrastructural features have not been described in human beings. We present an additional case of ATM in a 28-year-old woman with positive sentinel node biopsy and provide the results of electron microscopic studies. Histopathologically, the skin lesion was composed of heavily pigmented neoplastic cells mostly arranged as large sheets, focally also in a nodular growth pattern. After bleaching, the neoplastic cells demonstrated round nuclei with 1 or rarely 2 conspicuous nucleoli and a prominent nuclear membrane and abundant, gray, slate-like cytoplasm. Some cells demonstrated round cytoplasmic inclusions. There was no nuclear pleomorphism, and only a few mitotic figures could be found after extensive search. Multiple areas of necrosis en masse of tumor cells were seen. The lymph node biopsy revealed a complete effacement of the lymph node architecture by the extensive proliferation of hyperpigmented cells in the parenchyma. Immunohistochemically, the same pattern of staining was seen on the bleached and unbleached slides both in the skin and in the lymph node. The neoplastic cells stained positively with MiTF (nuclei), NSE, NKI/C3, tyrosinase (weak), p53, and CD68. S-100 protein, HMB45, Melan A, Mac367, and lysozyme reacted negatively. Occasional cells (<1%) reacted with MIB-1. Ultra-structural studies revealed that the neoplastic cells possessed a large, indented nucleus with a prominent nuclear membrane, a single (para) centrally located nucleolus, and peripherally marginated chromatin. The cytoplasm was abundant and contained numerous single melanosomes and rare compound melanosomes. The melanosomes were in stages II to IV of maturation, with a marked predominance of stage II and stage III melanosomes. There was a high number of aberrant melanosomes with a wide variety of configurations. Melanophages were a minor component of the lesion. Our ultrastructural studies provide unequivocal evidence that ATM is a neoplasm of melanosome-producing cells. We also review the literature on ATM.
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PMID:Melanoma with prominent pigment synthesis (animal-type melanoma): a case report with ultrastructural studies. 1524 59

We describe a case of true histiocytic sarcoma (HS) with features of HS in clinical manifestation, histological presentation, and immunohistochemical panels. The flow cytometry studies were used for the diagnosis. The tumor presents in the small intestine with involvement of regional mesenteric lymph nodes of a 68-year-old female. Histological examination reveals that tumor cells are large and pleomorphic. They have vesicular chromatin and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical studies show the tumor cells to be positive for CD45 (LCA), CD45RO, CD4, CD68, and lysozyme; and negative for all other T-, B-, macrophage, follicular dendritic- and hematopoietic-cell markers. Proliferation rate is 5% by MIB stain. Flow cytometry studies reveal large atypical cells positive for CD4, CD14, and CD45. There are 29 cases of HS reported in the literature since 2001. All of these cases are summarized. The diagnostic methods and the possible prognostic factors are discussed. We believe that the correct diagnosis of HS is important for clinical treatment and prognostic prediction, although it is very rare.
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PMID:Histiocytic sarcoma in the small intestine: a case report with flow cytometry study and review of the literature. 1854 86

High-grade transformation of acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) (previously referred to as dedifferentiation) is a rare phenomenon characterized by histologic progression of low-grade AciCC to high-grade adenocarcinoma or undifferentiated carcinoma. We report 9 new cases with immunohistochemical analysis and examination of HER-2/neu and p53 genes to further define the profile of this tumor. Histologically, the high-grade component was composed of polymorphic cells with a high mitotic rate arranged in glandular and solid growth patterns with comedonecrosis. The MIB-1 labeling indices were elevated in the high-grade component, as compared with the low grade conventional AciCC. The high-grade component of AciCC was characterized by strong membrane staining for CK18 and beta-catenin, and nuclear staining for cyclin-D1. HER-2/neu, androgen receptor, C-kit, and epidermal growth factor receptor were absent from both low-grade and high-grade components. In contrast, S-100 protein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and lysozyme were lost only in high-grade foci of transformed AciCC. The median age was 61 years (with range from 43 to 76 y). Lymph node (LN) metastases were found in 5 of 9 cases (56%). Distant metastases to the lungs (n=4), pleura (n=2), brain (n=3), and peritoneum (n=1), and paraaortic, paratracheal, and mediastinal LNs (n=2) were observed. Six of 9 patients (66%) died from tumor dissemination, all with a median overall survival of 4.3 years (range: 1 to 9 y). The high propensity for LN metastases indicates the need for neck dissection at the time of diagnosis.
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PMID:Acinic cell carcinoma with high-grade transformation: a report of 9 cases with immunohistochemical study and analysis of TP53 and HER-2/neu genes. 1946 6

Myeloid sarcoma is an uncommon neoplasm, comprising an extramedullary tumorous proliferation of immature myeloid cells. Its rarity and tendency for diverse clinical presentation contribute to difficulty in timely diagnosis. This report describes a case of a painful back lump in an elderly Chinese male, which was initially diagnosed as a carbuncle. Histology on the saucerization specimen was reported as inflamed granulation tissue. Failure of expected wound healing prompted surgical debridement; microscopic examination on the subsequent specimen revealed an immature myeloid population with an increased MIB-1 proliferative index, highlighted by myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, CD117, and CD43 immunoreactivity, in keeping with myeloid sarcoma. Despite aggressive management, the patient eventually died. This report draws attention to potential pitfalls in the pathological diagnosis of this uncommon tumor and briefly summarizes its salient features.
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PMID:Myeloid Sarcoma Masquerading as Granulation Tissue: A Diagnostic Pitfall. 2606 39

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, non-spore forming, catalase-positive rod that is a major bacterial food-borne disease agent associated with uncooked meats, including poultry, uncooked vegetables, soft cheeses, and unpasteurized milk. The bacterium may be carried by animals without signs of disease, can replicate at refrigeration temperatures, and is frequently associated with biofilms. There is a need to discover innovative pathogen intervention technologies for this bacterium. Consequently, bioinformatic analyses were used to identify genes encoding lytic protein sequences in the genomes of L. monocytogenes isolates. PCR primers were designed that amplified nucleotide sequences of a putative N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase gene from L. monocytogenes strain 4b. The resultant amplification product was cloned into an expression vector, propagated in Escherichia coli Rosetta strains, and the recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity. Gene and protein sequencing confirmed that the predicted and chemically determined amino acid sequence of the recombinant protein designated PlyLM was a putative N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase. The recombinant lytic protein was capable of lysing both the parental L. monocytogenes strain as well as other strains of the bacterium in spot and MIC/MIB assays, but was not active against other bacteria beyond the genus. A microtiter plate assay was utilized to assay for the ability of the recombinant lysin protein to potentially aid with digestion of a L. monocytogenes biofilm. Protease or lysozyme digestion alone did not significantly reduce the L. monocytogenes biofilm. Although the recombinant protein alone reduced the biofilm by only 20%, complete digestion of the bacterial monolayer was accomplished in conjunction with a protease.
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PMID:Recombinant Expression of a Putative Amidase Cloned from the Genome of Listeria monocytogenes that Lyses the Bacterium and its Monolayer in Conjunction with a Protease. 2678 31