Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Carnobacterium maltaromaticum B26 and Carnobacterium divergens B33, which were isolated from the intestine of healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum), were selected as being potentially useful as probiotics with effectiveness against Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri. Thus, rainbow trout administered with feed supplemented with B26 or B33 dosed at >10(7) cells g(-1) feed conferred protection against challenge with virulent cultures of the pathogens. Moreover, both cultures persisted in the gut for up to 3 weeks after administration. The cultures enhanced the cellular and humoral immune responses. Specifically, fish fed with B26 demonstrated significantly increased phagocytic activity of the head kidney macrophages, whereas the use of B33 led to significant increases in respiratory burst and serum lysozyme activity. Also, the gut mucosal lysozyme activity for fish fed with both cultures was statistically higher than the controls.
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PMID:Innate immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) induced by probiotics. 1663 79

Intelectin is a mammalian Ca2+-dependent, D-galactosyl-specific lectin expressed in Paneth and goblet cells of the small intestine and proposed to serve a protective role in the innate immune response to parasite infection. In addition, it is structurally identical to the intestinal lactoferrin receptor known to reside in the enterocyte brush border. To clarify this apparent discrepancy with regard to localization, the aim of this work was to study the cellular and subcellular distribution of small intestinal intelectin by immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy. Secretory granules of lysozyme-positive Paneth cells in the bottom of the crypts as well as goblet cells along the crypt-villus axis were intensively labeled with intelectin antibodies, but quantitatively, the major site of intelectin deposition was the enterocyte brush border. This membrane is organized in stable glycolipid-based lipid raft microdomains, and like the divalent lectin galectin-4, intelectin was enriched in microvillar "superrafts", i.e., membranes that resist solubilization with Triton X-100 at 37 degrees C. This strategic localization suggests that the trimeric intelectin, like galectin-4, serves as an organizer and stabilizer of the brush border membrane, preventing loss of digestive enzymes to the gut lumen and protecting the glycolipid microdomains from pathogens.
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PMID:Intelectin: a novel lipid raft-associated protein in the enterocyte brush border. 1686 65

Lysozyme is a key antimicrobial component of human milk that has several health-promoting functions including the development of a healthy intestinal tract. However, levels of lysozyme in the milk of dairy animals are negligible. We have generated transgenic dairy goats that express human lysozyme (HLZ) in their milk in an attempt to deliver the benefits of human milk in a continual fashion. To test the feasibility of this transgenic approach to achieve a biological impact at the level of the intestine, feeding trials were conducted in two animal models. Pasteurized milk from HLZ transgenic animals was fed to both kid goats (ruminant model) and young pigs (human model), and the numbers of total coliforms and Escherichia coli present in the small intestine were determined. Data from this proof-of-principle study demonstrate that milk from transgenic animals was capable of modulating the bacterial population of the gut in both animal models. Pigs that consumed pasteurized milk from HLZ transgenic goats had fewer numbers of coliforms and E. coli in their intestine than did those receiving milk from non-transgenic control animals. The opposite effect was seen in goats. Milk from these transgenic animals not only represent one of the first transgenic food products with the potential of benefiting human health, but are also a unique model to study the development and role of intestinal microflora on health, well-being and resistance to disease.
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PMID:Consumption of milk from transgenic goats expressing human lysozyme in the mammary gland results in the modulation of intestinal microflora. 1690 51

Three commercial phage sensitive Lactobacillus delbrueckii strains (identified as Ab(1), YSD V and Ib(3)), and four spontaneous phage-resistant mutants isolated from them were tested for their capacity to activate the gut mucosal immune response in mice, as indicated by the numbers of IgA-producing cells. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed a strong genetic homology between the sensitive strains and their respective derivatives. The phage-resistant mutants exhibited high levels of phage resistance, elevated stability of this phenotype and technological properties comparable to those of their respective parent strains. The tolerance to acidic conditions, bile salts and lysozyme was strain dependent and total cell viability losses as a result of exposure to all three stresses ranged from 2.0 to 3.7 log units. All the strains were highly resistant to a simulated gastric solution of pH 3, while significant additional losses in cell viability were observed when acid treated cells were exposed to bile salts and lysozyme. BALB/c mice received pure cultures of Lb. delbrueckii sensitive and phage-resistant strains for 2, 5 or 7 consecutive days. The ability of the parent strains to activate the small intestine immune response was preserved or enhanced in phage-resistant mutants. The maximal proliferation of IgA(+) cells was observed at day 5 or 7, depending on the strain. Mutants isolated in this study using natural selection strategies had improved phage resistance, adequate technological properties and satisfactory gut mucosal immunostimulation ability, and so would be good candidates for industrial applications in functional foods.
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PMID:Phage-resistant mutants of Lactobacillus delbrueckii may have functional properties that differ from those of parent strains. 1730 69

Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) produced throughout our body are important effectors in the defense barrier of innate immunity. Here, we have analyzed antimicrobial activity and polypeptide composition of meconium versus neonatal feces to address the development of antimicrobial defense of the neonatal gut. Extracts of meconium exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli, and group B streptococci (GBS) but not against the yeast Candida albicans. Extracts of neonatal feces were found to possess low activity against E. coli, GBS, and C. albicans. However, the anti-B. megaterium activity was higher in the fecal extracts than in meconium. All activities were reduced or abolished when salt was added to the antimicrobial assay. The AMP cathelicidin LL-37, alpha-defensin HNP-1-2, alpha-defensin HD 5, and lysozyme were identified in both meconium and fecal extracts. In addition, HNP-3 and a fragment of azurocidin were found in meconium, whereas the holoprotein azurocidin was detected in feces. In meconium, histones H2A and H4 were isolated and identified by their antimicrobial activity. Notably, LL-37 and lysozyme were found at significantly higher levels in feces than in meconium. Our findings reveal that meconium and feces contain AMP, acting in the defense of the neonatal gut, and may be implicated in the control of the initial colonization.
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PMID:Antimicrobial components of the neonatal gut affected upon colonization. 1741 58

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex multifactorial immunological disorders characterized by dysregulated immune reactivity in the gut and imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactivity. The therapeutic effect of the immunomodulatory drug glatiramer acetate (GA, Copaxone, copolymer 1) has been established in several IBD models, including trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, as well as in a spontaneous colitis model. In the present study we investigated the mechanism of action of GA and cells specifically induced by it. Immunization of naive mice by GA, generated a lymphocyte population of the Th2/3 subtype, that drastically reduced disease manifestations upon their adoptive transfer to mice with DSS colitis. This was demonstrated by the substantial decrease in weight loss, intestinal bleeding and diarrhea, as well as by the prevention of macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage. In contrast, adoptive transfer of control lysozyme-specific cells did not induce any beneficial effect on the disease. Moreover, GA-specific short-term T-cell lines, either exogenously labeled or genetically marked, adoptively transferred by the intraperitoneal route to colitis-induced mice, localized in the inner layers of the colon and secreted in situ the regulatory cytokine TGF-beta. These results demonstrate the accumulation of GA-specific Th2/3 cells secreting regulatory cytokines in the injured colon, and thus draw a direct linkage between the therapeutic effect of GA in IBD and an immunomodulatory effect at the site in which the pathological process occurs.
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PMID:The therapeutic effect of glatiramer acetate in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease is mediated by anti-inflammatory T-cells. 1771 54

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two levels of inclusion of mannan oligosaccharides derived from the outer cell wall of a select strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Bio-Mos, Alltech Inc, USA) on growth, feed utilization, immune status and disease resistance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Specimens of 35 g at initial density of 3 kg/m3 were fed during 67 days at 0 per thousand, 2 per thousand and 4 per thousand dietary MOS level of inclusion in a commercial sea bass diet. Food conversion rate, specific growth rate, whole body biochemical composition, phagocyctic index of head kidney macrophages, NBT index, lysozyme and alternative complement pathway (ACP) activities as well as gut and liver histological structure were evaluated. Growth significantly increased at both MOS dietary inclusion levels. Histological features of the liver showed lower lipid vacuolization and regular-shaped morphology of hepatocytes around the sinusoidal spaces denoting a better utilization of dietary nutrients. No differences were found on gut histological evaluation. Statistical differences (P<0.05) on the phagocytic index were denoted with the inclusion of 4 per thousand Bio-Mos group. A positive correlation was found between the levels of lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activities in blood and the level of inclusion of MOS in diets. After the feeding trial, a cohabitation challenge test and direct gut inoculation were also performed with the pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus in a ratio 3:1. Twenty-one days post-challenge the number of cohabitant fish infected in the control group reached 33% comparing with none on the 0.4 per thousand MOS group. Finally, new fish were infected with V. alginolyticus by gut canalisation. After 24h post-infection no significant difference was denoted between groups and 48 h post-infection total infected fish in the control group was twice that of the 2 per thousand and 4 per thousand MOS groups.
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PMID:Immune stimulation and improved infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides. 1776 45

The activity of lysozyme, the enzyme that hydrolyzes peptidoglycan in G(+) bacterial cell walls, was detected in whole mite extracts (WME) and in spent growth medium extracts (SGME) of 14 species of synanthropic mites (Acari: Acaridida). The adaptation of lysozyme for digestive activity and bacteriophagy was based on: (i) high lysozyme activity in SGME, and (ii) the correlation of maximum lysozyme activity at acidic pH values, corresponding to pH in the ventriculus and caeca. We show that the digestion of fluorescein-labeled Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells began in ventriculus and continued during the passage of a food bolus through the gut. The fluorescein was absorbed by midgut cells and penetrated to parenchymal tissues. Eight species showed a higher rate of population growth on a M. lysodeikticus diet than on a control diet. The lysozyme activity in SGME was positively correlated to the standardized rate (r (s)) of population growth, although no correlation was found between r (s) and lysozyme activity in WME. The lysozyme activity in WME was negatively correlated to that in SGME. The highest activity of digestive lysozyme was found in Lepidoglyphus destructor, Chortoglyphus arcuatus and Dermatophagoides farinae. All of these findings indicate that lysozyme in acaridid mites possesses both defensive and digestive functions. The enzymatic properties of mite lysozyme are similar to those of the lysozymes present in the ruminant stomach and in the insect midgut.
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PMID:Digestive function of lysozyme in synanthropic acaridid mites enables utilization of bacteria as a food source. 1835 5

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental yeast culture (Diamond V XP Yeast Culture; YC) in broiler diets on performance, digestibility, mucosal development, and immunomodulatory functions. One-day-old Arbor Acres chicks (n = 960) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments based on corn and soybean meal and containing 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g/kg of YC in the diet for 42 d. Each treatment consisted of 12 replicates of 20 broilers each. Nutrient digestibility was determined on d 15 and 35 by total fecal collection. On d 21 and 42, 12 birds per treatment were sacrificed to evaluate gut morphology and secretory IgA. Broilers were vaccinated with Newcastle disease vaccine by eye drop on d 7 and 28 and antibody titer was determined on d 14, 21, 35, and 42. Dietary supplemental YC at 2.5 g/kg improved average daily gain and feed conversion during grower and overall periods (P <or= 0.05). Yeast culture supplementation increased digestibility of Ca (linear and quadratic, P = 0.01) and P (linear, P = 0.01) on d 35, but did not affect (P > 0.05) protein retention and energy digestibility. Villus height to crypt depth ratios in the duodenum and jejunum (d 42) and ileum (d 21) were increased (P <or= 0.05) in broilers fed 2.5 g/kg of YC. Yeast culture increased antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus (linear, P <or= 0.05), serum lysozyme activity (linear and cubic, P <or= 0.05), and IgM (linear, P <or= 0.05) and secretary IgA concentrations in the duodenum (linear, P = 0.01). Results of this study indicate that dietary supplemental YC at 2.5 g/kg improved growth performance. Dietary YC affected immune functions, digestibility of Ca and P, and intestinal mucosal morphology of broilers. Growth performance was optimized at 2.5 g/kg of YC in the present study. Immune function could be modified with dietary YC supplementation.
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PMID:Effects of yeast culture in broiler diets on performance and immunomodulatory functions. 1857 19

Clostridium butyrium CB2 isolated from chickens was tested as a potential fish probiotic in the Chinese drum, Miichthys miiuy. Fish were fed live (CB), dead CB2 (D-CB) cells (10(8) cells g(-1)) or spent culture supernatant (SCS), for 30 days and challenged with Vibrio anguillarum or Aeromonas hydrophila. Survival was higher in both the CB and the CB-D fed groups, but the SCS group was not significantly different from the control. After feeding live or dead CB2 cells, there was increase in phagocytic activity of the head kidney macrophages, the lysozyme activity of serum and gut mucosa and immunoglobulin (Ig) level. The SCS group showed no obvious change in immune parameters. The results suggest that live or dead Clostridium butyrium CB2 has an immunomodulatory effect on fish.
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PMID:Immune responses and enhanced disease resistance in Chinese drum, Miichthys miiuy (Basilewsky), after oral administration of live or dead cells of Clostridium butyrium CB2. 1878 30


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