Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We conducted an epidemiological study to investigate the effects of low-dose cadmium (Cd) exposure on human health in a specific area of a town in Japan where low Cd concentration was detected in rice. We compared clinical findings, urinary and whole blood Cd concentrations, and indicators of renal dysfunction between the polluted area and the control area. The study employed 44 men and 54 women from the polluted area and 21 men and 29 women from the control area. In urine analysis, as indicators of Cd exposure and possible related renal dysfunction, Cd, beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)-MG), alpha(1)-microglobulin (alpha(1)-MG), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), total protein, inorganic phosphorus, lysozyme and creatinine were quantitatively measured. In blood analysis, serum IP and creatinine and whole blood Cd were measured. No case of renal dysfunction due to Cd exposure was confirmed. However, both the urinary and whole blood Cd of the polluted area were significantly higher than those of the control area for both sexes. Urinary beta(2)-MG did not differ between the two areas. For women, urinary alpha(1)-MG was significantly higher in the polluted area than in the control area. In correlation analysis, beta(2)-MG, alpha(1)-MG and NAG, were positively correlated with both of urinary and whole blood Cd for men and women in the polluted area except for between urinary beta(2)-MG and urinary Cd for men. In the control area, the sole positive correlation observed was between urinary beta(2)-MG and whole blood Cd for men. We then examined the determinants of variations of parameters in urinary and blood tests. Potential determinants were age, sex, body mass index, an indicator of smoking habits (cigarette index) and the index of estimated Cd intake from rice (Cd-rice-index). Cd-rice-index was expressed as the product of Cd concentrations in homegrown rice multiplied by daily frequency multiplied by duration (years) of residence in the polluted area. In multiple regression analysis, whole blood Cd was independently associated with Cd-rice-index, age and gender. Variations in whole blood Cd accounted for a substantial portion of the variations in urinary Cd, although they were less influential in older individuals. Whole blood Cd was the sole independent variable related to variations in urinary beta(2)-MG. Cd-rice-index accounted for a portion of the variance in urinary NAG, while age was a more powerful determinant. It was thus revealed that the consumption of homegrown rice polluted with Cd in low concentration resulted in an elevation of whole blood Cd level and consequent increase in urinary Cd level. However, it was not clearly elucidated that the excretion of urinary low-molecular microglobulins could increase significantly in response to slight elevation of Cd body load.
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PMID:Effects of low-dose cadmium exposure on biological examinations. 1273

We carried out an immunotoxicological field study of wood mice in three populations along a heavy metal pollution gradient. Heavy metal concentrations in liver tissue indicated that exposure to silver, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt and lead decreased with increasing distance from a non-ferrous smelter. Host resistance to the endoparasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus decreased with increasing exposure, while the abundance of tick larvae and the nematode Syphacia stroma was unrelated to heavy metal exposure. Spleen mass was increased at the intermediate and the most polluted sites and was positively correlated with the number of H. polygyrus and tick larvae. Proportion of early apoptotic leukocytes increased towards the smelter and was positively related to cadmium exposure. Red and white blood cell counts and lysozyme activity showed no relationship with metal exposure. All together, our observations suggest negative effects of heavy metal exposure on the immune function of wood mice under field conditions.
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PMID:Immunotoxicology in wood mice along a heavy metal pollution gradient. 1532 54

Bacteriolytic enzyme R1 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity with the recovery of 6.89% activity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-Sephadex C - 50, CM-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G-75 chromatography from the culture supernatant of Streptomyces griseus RX-17. The molecular weight and PI of R1 were 16.8 kD and 9.10. The optimal temperature and pH for R1 against Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt were 70 degrees C and 6.6, respectively. Below 50 degrees C and at range pH 6 - 10, R1 was stable. While treated at 60 degrees C for 1 hour, the residual activity was only about 20.3%. Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ could completely inactivate the enzyme. Chelating agents, hydroxylamine hydrochloriae, Monoiodoacetic acid inhibited the lytic activity against Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt, whereas Mg2+, 2-Mercaptoethanol and some surfactants could stimulate the activity. The enzyme had a broad bacteriolytic spectrum against many G+, G- bacteria which were resistant to egg-white lysozyme. Especially high activity was shown on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobaillus.
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PMID:[Purification and some properties of bacteriolytic enzyme R1 from Streptomyces griseus RX-17]. 1627 98

The present study evaluated whether blood could be used as a nondestructive tool for monitoring metal exposure and related hematological effects in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) living along a metal pollution gradient. Soil concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, silver, and zinc decreased with distance from the emission source. Blood levels of cadmium and lead differed significantly among sites, whereas those of the other metals did not. Blood levels of cadmium and lead correlated with soil concentrations of cadmium and lead, respectively. No such significant relationships were found for the other measured metals. Hematocrit levels decreased in wood mice from the most polluted site (45.96% +/- 0.53% [mean +/- standard error]) compared to the reference site (48.04% +/- 0.47%). A negative correlation between hematocrit and blood levels of cadmium and lead was found. Erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (average wt of hemoglobin in a red blood cell in pg), and lysozyme activity did not differ among study sites. Mean corpuscular volume (average volume of a red blood cell in microm3) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (average proportion of hemoglobin in a red blood cell as a %) differed among study sites but showed no relationship with metal exposure. We conclude that whole blood from mice can be used for nondestructive monitoring of the exposure to nonessential metals under natural conditions. The present results indicate that decreased hematocrit levels may be an early warning signal for a negative impact of metal exposure on the oxygen-transport capacity of blood in wood mice in their natural environment.
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PMID:Metal blood levels and hematological characteristics in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) along a metal pollution gradient. 1649 36

The yvgW gene of Bacillus subtilis has been reported to encode a product which resembles CPx-type ATPase having a function related to Cd2+ and Zn2+ resistance through efflux of this metal. We recently showed that yvgW gene product is also important for sporulation in B. subtilis. The present study was focused on the functional characterization of yvgW in the sporulation process of B. subtilis. The analysis of yvgW expression showed that a significant expression took place during the late stage of sporulation (T5-T8). The deletion of spoIIAC and spoIIGB genes, encoding for sigmaF and sigmaE, respectively, resulted in the complete elimination of yvgW-lacZ expression while the deletion of the spoIIIG coding for sigmaG decreased the yvgW-lacZ expression to only 37% that of the wild type level. In contrast, the deletion of spoIVCB gene coding for sigmaK had no significant effects on the yvgW-lacZ expression. Transcription initiation site of yvgW during sporulation was determined by 5'-RACE-PCR, indicating that -10 and -35 sequences exhibited very good homology with the consensus sequences recognized by RNA polymerase containing sigmaE. Moreover, through the construction of yvgWDelta537-1351::spc, yvgW mutant cells were investigated for their spore properties, such as their resistance profiles against heat, chloroform and lysozyme, pointing out that spores of the mutant cells showed high sensitivity to heat and chloroform, but resistance to lysozyme. The level of dipicolinic acid was also significantly reduced to approximately 63% in yvgW spores as compared to wild type spores. Furthermore, the analyses of the nutrition-specific germination and outgrowth characteristics of the null mutant and the wild type cells revealed no defect in the initiation of yvgW spore germination but they returned to vegetative state more slowly than the wild type spores in minimal medium.
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PMID:Sporulation-specific expression of the yvgW (cadA) gene and the effect of blockage on spore properties in Bacillus subtilis. 1690 59

This study evaluated the utility of single and combined measurements of cadmium toxicity markers for surveillance purposes, using a sample of 224 individuals, 30-87 years of age, who were residents of cadmium polluted area in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand. Urinary cadmium levels excreted by them ranged between 1 and 58 microg/g creatinine with geometric mean of 8.2 microg/g creatinine which was 16-fold greater than the average for the general Thai population of 0.5 microg/g creatinine. The urinary markers evaluated were total protein, albumin, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), lysozyme, beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) and alpha1-microglobulin (alpha1-MG). Among these markers, only NAG showed a positive correlation with urinary cadmium in both male and female subjects with and without disease (r=0.43-0.71). Further, the prevalence rates for urinary NAG above 8 units/g creatinine (NAG-uria) increased with exposure levels in a dose dependent manner (p=0.05) among subjects with disease. In contrast, however, increased prevalence of beta2-MG above 0.4 mg/g creatinine (beta2-MG-uria) was associated with cadmium above 5 microg/g creatinine only in those without disease (POR=10.6 and 7.8 for 6-10 and >10 microg/g creatinine). Prevalence rates for abnormal excretion of all other markers, except albumin, were markedly increased among those having beta2-MG-uria with and without disease (chi2-test, p<or=0.001-0.02). Thus, urinary beta2-MG and NAG should be used together with urinary cadmium in the monitoring of renal toxicity in a population exposed to high-level cadmium coupled with high prevalence of chronic diseases.
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PMID:Monitoring of cadmium toxicity in a Thai population with high-level environmental exposure. 1730 39

Nanoparticles of cadmium telluride coated with mercaptoacetic acid were prepared in the water phase. Further, an assay of lysozyme with a sensitivity at the nanogram level is proposed. At pH 7.28, lysozyme with positive charges can interact with CdTe nanoparticles. The resonance light-scattering (RLS) signals of functionalized nano-CdTe were greatly enhanced by lysozyme in the region of 300-600 nm, characterized with peaks located at 367, 470 and 533 nm. A linear relationship could be established between the enhanced RLS intensity and the lysozyme concentration in the range of 0.06-4.0 microg mL-1. The limit of detection was 9.5 ng mL-1. The contents of lysozyme were determined with recoveries of 95.6-104.8% and RSD of 1.5-2.3%, respectively. This method is sensitive, rapid, accurate and simple, and provides a new and reliable means for the quantity determination of lysozyme.
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PMID:Determination of lysozyme at the nanogram level by a resonance light-scattering technique with functionalized CdTe nanoparticles. 1737 78

Nanoparticles of cadmium telluride (CdTe) coated with thioglycolic acid (TGA) were prepared in the water phase. The interaction between CdTe nanoparticles (NPs) and lysozyme (Lyz) was investigated by fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy at pH 7.40. It was proved that the fluorescence quenching of Lyz by CdTe NPs was mainly a result of the formation of CdTe-Lyz complex. By the fluorescence quenching results, the Stern-Volmer quenching constant (K(SV)), binding constant (Ka) and binding sites (n) were calculated. The binding distance (r) between Lyz (the donor) and CdTe NPs (the acceptor) was obtained according to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Gradual addition of CdTe NPs to the solution of Lyz led to a marked increase in fluorescence polarization (P) of Lyz, which indicated that CdTe NPs were located in a restricted environment of Lyz. The effect of CdTe NPs on the conformation of Lyz has been analyzed by means of synchronous fluorescence spectra and CD spectra, which provided the evidence that the secondary structure of Lyz has been changed by the interaction of CdTe NPs with Lyz.
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PMID:Spectroscopic studies on the interaction between CdTe nanoparticles and lysozyme. 1845 71

Phase inversion (PI) cellulose acetate membranes were cast on glassy carbon electrodes from a solution containing acetone as solvent and aqueous magnesium perchlorate as pore former. It is shown that a significant improvement of the reproducibility and permselective properties of the membrane is obtained by allowing complete evaporation of the solvent in a controlled humidity environment before the membrane is gelated. By using cadmium and lead as test analytes and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry as the detection method, it was found that the modification of the electrode greatly reduces the interference from albumin, lysozyme, gelatin and polyethylene glycol (MW 6000). The permselectivity of the PI membrane can be controlled by varying the amount of magnesium perchlorate in the casting solution and the relative humidity during the pre-gelation conditioning of the membrane.
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PMID:Phase inversion cellulose acetate membranes for suppression of protein interferences in anodic stripping voltammetry 2(1). Improvement of the membrane preparation procedure. 1896 17

46 actinomycetes were isolated from two polluted sites and one unpolluted site. One strain, F4, was selected through primary qualitative screening assays because of its cadmium resistance, and physiologically and taxonomically characterized. F4 was able to grow at 7.5% NaCl and 100 microg/ml lysozyme and at a pH between 6 and 10. 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that F4 was closely related to Streptomyces tendae. Growth of Streptomyces sp. F4 on culture medium with 8 mg/l Cd(2+) for 8 days showed 80% inhibition. Maximum specific biosorption was 41.7 mg Cd(2+)/g dry weight after 7 days of growth and highest Cd(2+ )concentration was found in the cell wall (41.2%). The exopolysaccharide layer only contained 7.4%, whereas 39.4% of Cd(2+) was found in the cytosolic fraction. Twelve % was found in the ribosomes and membrane fraction. This was verified with TEM, showing Streptomyces sp. F4 cytoplasm with dark granulate appearance. This study could present the potential capacity of Streptomyces sp. F4 for Cd(2+) bioremediation.
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PMID:Cadmium biosorption by Streptomyces sp. F4 isolated from former uranium mine. 1932 27


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