Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alkaline phosphatase extracted from P. boryanum with lysozyme or polymyxin B treatment was used in a comparative study of cell bound and cell free enzyme. The effects of various ions on enzyme activity were tested. Calcium was found to enhance activity to the greatest degree stimulating the cell bound alkaline phosphatase 100% and cell free enzyme four-fold. Magnesium and potassium also stimulated the activity of cell bound and cell free enzyme. Other ions were found to be inhibitory to varying degrees.
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PMID:Effect of ions on the activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase from Plectonema boryanum. 12 Sep 24

Electrolyte disturbances in leukemia can be the result of the disease process or drug therapy. One group of electrolyte abnormalities is related to the stage of the leukemic process. Included in this group are newly diagnosed patients who may show elevated serum potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium--a result of their release from malignant cells after cytotoxic therapy or their accumulation due to urate nephropathy. Patients in remission usually have normal serum electrolyte concentrations, but acute leukemia patients during relapse may have hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. This imbalance may be related to cellular uptake of these electrolytes in the presence of inadequate dietary intake. Other factors contributing to electrolyte derangements, and related to the leukemic process, include hyponatremia and hypochloremia secondary to the SIADH, hypokalemia in acute monocytic or acute myelomonocytic leukemia due to lysozyme-induced tubular damage, hypercalcemia possibly secondary to leukemic infiltration of bone or parathyroid glands (with PTH release), or production of a PTH-like substance by leukemic cells. Nonspecific factors related to the disease process which may aggravate the electrolyte imbalance include gastrointestinal loss through nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The drug-related electrolyte abnormalities include cyclophosphamide- and vincristine-induced SIADH; decreased serum sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations as a result of polymyxin B nephrotoxicity; hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia secondary to amphotericin B; hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperphosphaturia due to L-asparaginase-induced hypoparathyroidism; hypokalemia due to a nonreabsorbable anion effect of antibiotics in the distal tubule or changes in membrane ionic transport of all cells by large doses of antibiotics. Electrolyte disturbance in leukemia thus have a multifactorial pathogenesis which can best be delineated according to the stage of the leukemic process and the drugs being used. Recognition of the cause or causes in a particular patient is essential for an effective approach to management. This review emphasizes the need for routine measurement of serum electrolytes during all phases of the leukemic process.
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PMID:Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in the management of leukemia. 26 90

In a consecutive series of 22 patients with acute leukemia, the total body potassium was studied in 18 patients on 39 occasions during relapse and remission. Total body water was also determined. A control group consisting of 88 age-matched healthy volunteers was also studied. The patients had a significantly lower mean potassium concentration, per kg body weight, per kg lean body mass and per kg water, than the controls (p less than 0.001). Individually, 11 out of the 18 patients had at least one value below the lower 95% confidence limit. Hypokalemia was frequent both in the patients with low (7/11) and normal (3/6) potassium per kg lean body mass. Five of 13 investigated patients showed laboratory indications of secondary hyperaldosteronism, which might be partly responsible for the hypokalemia. Increased serum or urine levels of lysozyme were found in 62% of the patients.
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PMID:Electrolytes and whole body potassium in acute leukemia. 29 Jan 29

The milk which drips from the opposite breast during breast feeding is used in some centres for feeding premature babies, yet there is little scientific information on the biology of this secretion. Drip breast milk (DBM) differs from expressed breast milk (EBM), both in its contents and in the change in its composition over the period of lactation. The fat concentration and energy value of DBM are low, compared with levels reported for EBM: protein, fat, sodium and energy value in DBM fall with the duration of lactation, whereas magnesium and calcium rise, and lactose, potassium osmolality and lysozyme remain constant. The milk fat content of DBM produced by individual donors is linearly related to the daily volume of DBM produced. Studies on 477 women admitted to the Oxford General Practice Obstetric Unit over 1 yr showed that, of the 75% who were lactating successfully 2 wk after delivery, 19% were producing DBM by 2--4 wk. Women who produced DBM did not differ in age or parity from those lactating women who did not, and their babies did not differ in birthweight, gestation, centile or sex. The suitability of DBM as a food for premature infants is discussed.
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PMID:The biology of human drip breast milk. 57 25

No support could be found for the hypothesis that mastitis, as evidenced by increased leucocyte counts in milk, is accompanied by an increase in lysozyme activity. The presence of potassium dichromate in the preserved milk samples did not seem to affect lysozyme activity. The sensitivity of lysozyme to heat was demonstrated. All lysozyme isolates and purifications were made with deaminated chitin affinity chromatography.
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PMID:Lysozyme activity of high-leucocyte-count milk and the effect of heat and potassium dichromate on lysozyme activity. 72 80

Biochemical composition of middle ear effusions (MEE) and serum was compared both in experimentally induced middle ear inflammation in squirrel monkeys and in otitis media in humans. The MEE and serum protein concentrations were similar in the animal experiments. In human MEE the total protein concentration of both serous and mucoid effusions was higher than the proteins of the serum. High concentrations of potassium and lower concentrations of glucose in human MEE than in serum were also observed. Activities of various oxidative (lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase) and hydrolytic (leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and lysozyme) enzymes in MEE and serum were compared. The ratio of enzyme activity between MEE and serum (MEE/Serum) was greater than one in all enzymes studied. Mucoid MEE had higher activity of enzymes than serous effusions in general. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns were compared on electropherogram. Isoenzyme fractions 1 and 2 were each smaller in MEE than in serum whereas 4 and 5 had a significantly higher activity in MEE than in serum. Higher activities of enzymes in MEE as compared with serum are consistent with the hypothesis that MEE results from inflammatory processes occurring in the middle ear cavity. The enzymes of MEE seem to have multiple origins, namely, 1) enzymes normally present in blood, 2) enzymes from the inflamed middle ear mucosa, and 3) enzymes from leucocytes present in effusions.
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PMID:Biochemical characteristics of middle ear effusions. 81 35

Formation of opaque deposits on the anterior (air) surface of hydrophilic soft contact lenses is a problem worthy of investigation by all concerned. These deposits have been analyzed for biomaterials by chemical, biochemical, electrophoretic, and immunological techniques. Qualitative and quantitative chemical colorimetric tests revealed the presence of variable amounts of protein (5-10 microgram/lens), carbohydrate (1.0-1.2 microgram/lens), and phospholipids (0.01-0.05 micronmole/lens). Cholesterol and glucose were not present at detectable levels. Fluorescent antibody tests with appropriate controls gave positive tests for albumin, lysozyme, gamma-G-globulin, and alpha1-lipoprotein in the deposits, all proteins present in tear fluid. Deposits were most effectively removed from the lenses by the combination of heat, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergent, and the thiol reagent dithiothreitol (DTT). SDS-denatured protein migrated on polyacrylamide gels with electrophoretic patterns corresponding to molecular weights for those proteins detected by the above antibody tests. The nature of the bonding interactions of biomaterials to the lenses was probed by chemical reagents used to remove them, employed singly and in all possible combinations. Urea, guanidine hydrochloride, potassium thiocyanate, potassium perchlorate, hydroxylamine, and EDTA were much less effective than SDS and DTT. These data suggest that apolar interactions plus disulfide bonds may be important in stabilizing the deposit structure, and point to improved cleaning procedures.
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PMID:Analysis of biomaterials deposited on soft contact lenses. 87 44

Purified human lysozyme (muramidase) stimulated potassium excretion by the isolated perfused rat kidney. Lysozyme is filtered and reabsorbed, without a tubular maximum. Over 90% of lysozyme filtered is retained within the kidney; 50% was recovered by enzymic assay and histologically localized to the proximal tubular cells. Hypokalaemia seen in some patients with myelomonocytic leukaemia may be directly attributed to an elevated circulating lysozyme level.
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PMID:Effect of human lysozyme (muramidase) on potassium handling by the perfused rat kidney. A mechanism for renal damage in human monocytic leukaemia. 105 11

Subcellular distribution study of cytoplasmic organelles was performed on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes after homogenization in 0.34 molar sucrose by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the homogenate. The whole homogenate and each fraction was assayed for nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reductase with and without 1 mM potassium cyanide, and the distribution of this enzyme was compared to the distribution of lysozyme, peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase. Enzyme recovery was 97 per cent and ranged between 74 and 124 per cent. Latent activity of all enzymes except NBT-reductase, acid, and alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated by observing a four- to sixfold increase in activity after the addition of Triton-X 100. Maximal relative specific activity using either DPNH or without cyanide for NBT-reductase was found in the 100,000 x g differential centrifugation fraction and was concentrated in the less dense top fraction of the sucrose density gradient. The distribution pattern was similar to acid and alkaline phosphatase. In contrast, the maximal concentration of beta-glucuronidase and peroxidase was found in the heavier 7,200 x g granule fraction and in the more dense bottom fractions of the sucrose density gradient. Maximal lysozyme activity was concentrated in the 30,000 x g granule fraction and in the fractions located between the heaviest and lightest fractions of the sucrose density gradient. The lack of latent activity and the similarity of subcellular distribution of NBT-reductase to acid and alkaline phosphatase, two enzymes associated with microsomes and plasmalemal membranes in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), indicates that NBT-reductase is also a nonlysosomal enzyme located in microsomes or in plasmalemal membranes. These findings support the previously described histochemical observations that initial reduction of NBT to formazan occurs on the PMN plasmalemal surface membrane at the point of particle attachment. In addition, they suggest that alteration of the surface membrane of the PMN by particle attachment or other surface forces may activate NBT-reductase, leading to an accumulation of formazan in the region of the altered membrane as the phagocytic vacuole is formed.
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PMID:Subcellular distribution of nitroblue tetrazolium reductase (NBT-R) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). 118 38

Twenty-one child patients with thalassaemic major (TM) and 83 healthy control children were examined for dental caries and gingivitis. Stimulated parotid gland secretions were collected from each child. Parotid saliva flow rate was measured and the saliva samples were tested for calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, urea, lysozyme and immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgG, IgM). The results showed that dental caries experience was significantly higher in the TM group. Parotid saliva flow rates in TM patients were not significantly different from those in the healthy controls. However, the median saliva concentrations of phosphorus and IgA were significantly lower in the patients than in the controls. The concentration of lysozyme was also lower in the TM group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The findings could provide an explanation for the higher dental caries experience and gingivitis observed in the TM group.
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PMID:Flow rate and chemistry of parotid saliva related to dental caries and gingivitis in patients with thalassaemia major. 142 Jan 1


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